Category: Server Management Service
- Home
- Category: Server Management Service
More about DNS cache poisoning
This article covers all about DNS cache poisoning attack and how can you help prevent it. In fact, It is imperative that you stay vigilante to prevent such attacks, otherwise you might end up with your data at risk, leave your devices at the risk of malware infection or forced censorship, and even the attacker might halt your security update leaving you vulnerable to a plethora of other attacks.
How can I prevent DNS attacks ?
- Audit your DNS zones. First things first.
- Keep your DNS servers up-to-date.
- Hide BIND version.
- Restrict Zone Transfers.
- Disable DNS recursion to prevent DNS poisoning attacks.
- Use isolated DNS servers.
- Use a DDOS mitigation provider.
- Two-Factor Authentication.
What is difference between DNS spoofing and DNS poisoning?
DNS cache poisoning is the act of entering false information into a DNS cache, so that DNS queries return an incorrect response and users are directed to the wrong websites. DNS cache poisoning is also known as 'DNS spoofing'.
Where is the Configuration Data Stored in Linux
This article covers some configuration files where our configuration data is stored, like network scripts, interface, dhclient, host, sysctl configuration files. In fact, Some computer programs employ files to configure their attributes and initial settings. These files are called configuration files. Configuration files are used to store configuration data of different types. There are multiple configuration files on the Linux system.
How Does Linux Administrator Secure Data in the system ?
This article covers the ways in which Linux administrators can secure data by advancing security scanning, using network filters and firewalls, using secure protocols, using strong passwords, and finally, by installing only necessary packages. In fact, many are attempting to steal your information, so your data is in danger on the system.
Install Firefox on Debian 11 - Step by step guide ?
This article covers how to install the latest version of Mozilla Firefox browser on Debian 11 system. In fact, firefox is Safe and easy web browser from Mozilla Safe and easy web browser from Mozilla.
Write Data into File in Linux - Step by step guide ?
This article covers how to write data through "cat", "echo", and "printf" commands, and through the "nano" text editor.
Best Linux Distro in Data Science - Learn More about them ?
This article covers the best Linux Distros available which are Ubuntu, Fedora, and OpenSUSE.
Change Status on Microsoft Teams - Step by step guide ?
This article covers how to change the status on Microsoft Teams. In fact, you can now share to your contacts what you are up to and explain why you are busy or unavailable.
How to follow person status on Microsoft Teams ?
- Open Microsoft Teams.
- Click the profile button on the top-right corner.
- Click on Settings.
- Click on Notifications.
- Under the "People" section, click the Edit button.
- Specify the name of the people you want to follow.
- Once you complete the steps, you'll get a notification when the person appears available or offline.
Recover Deleted Data on a Linux System
This article covers the recovery methods of deleted data in Ubuntu (Linux OS). Data loss is a major problem that causes a lot of stress but there are many recovery tools that help to recover lost data.
Merge Data in Linux - How to do it ?
This article covers the different ways to merge data on Ubuntu using cat, sed, and merge command and for loop.
Display Data from a Text File in Ubuntu Linux
This article covers the different ways of extracting the text from text files and displaying them on the terminal like displaying data from a text file using cat, nl, less, more, head, tail, and misc. In fact, Text files are files that are used to store information. We need to configure text files daily, for this we want to display the content of text files.
Create a Meeting in Microsoft Teams - Step by step guide ?
This article covers how you can create or schedule a meeting using Microsoft Teams. In fact, Microsoft Team is a great communication tool you can use to chat, share files, and have audio and video meetings with your team.
To schedule a meeting in Microsoft Teams:
- In the Teams chat, click on the Schedule a meeting icon (under the box for the new message.)
- Then, select Calendar, which is on the left side panel, and then click on New meeting.
- A pop-up window will appear. You can select the time and date for the meeting.
- When done with scheduling, click Save. After that, the pop-up window will close, and you can send the meeting invitations using Outlook.
'kubectl get' Command - Explained with Examples
This article covers kubectl Commands with Examples. In fact, Kubectl is a set of commands for controlling Kubernetes clusters. Every Kubernetes command has an API endpoint, and kubectl’s primary purpose is to carry out HTTP requests to the API.
While it is possible to issue HTTP requests yourself (e.g., using curl), kubectl is designed to make this process more comfortable and straightforward.
How to delete Resources using kubectl command ?
To remove resources from a file or stdin, use the kubectl delete command.
1. Remove a pod using the name and type listed in pod.yaml:
$ kubectl delete -f pod.yaml2. Remove all pods and services with a specific label:
$ kubectl delete pods,services -l [label-key]=[label-value]3. Remove all pods (including uninitialized pods):
$ kubectl delete pods --all
Run .sh File Commands All in Once in Linux
This article covers how to run sh files using the terminal as well as using the command line or terminal. In fact, the .sh file is nothing but the shell script to install given application or to perform other tasks under Linux like operating systems.
How do I run .sh file shell script in Linux?
The procedure to run the .sh file shell script on Linux is as follows:
- Open the Terminal application on Linux or Unix.
- Create a new script file with .sh extension using a text editor.
- Write the script file using nano script-name-here.sh.
- Set execute permission on your script using chmod command : chmod +x script-name-here.sh .
- To run your script : ./script-name-here.sh
- Another option is as follows to execute shell script: $ sh script-name-here.sh OR bash script-name-here.sh .
mktemp Command in Linux - Explained with examples ?
This article covers how to use the mktemp command in Linux. In fact, mktemp can help to Create temporary files or directoriesin your Linux system.
Convert a Directory to a Partition in Linux
This article covers moving the home directory into a newly added disk that has a dedicated Partition.
Different methods of Checking MySQL Version in Linux
This article covers the ways to check the MySQL version in Linux. In fact, MySQL (and its drop-in replacement MariaDB) is the most popular open-source relational database management system. There are some important differences between MySQL versions, so knowing which version is running on your server might be important in some situations.
How to Check MySQL Version with V Command ?
The easiest way to find the MySQL version is with the command:
$ mysql -VThe command mysql –V is not OS specific. This command works on Windows, OS X, and Linux distributions including Ubuntu.
Different methods to Open a File in Linux
This article covers the different methods to open a file in Linux via a terminal. In fact, In Linux, we can display various file formats such as text file, audio files, video, image, doc, pdf, or any other file contents.
How to Open File Using gnome-open Command ?
For the GNOME-based Linux environment, we can use the gnome-open command to open a file.
If the gnome utility is not installed on our machine, we can install it by using the following command:
$ sudo apt install libgnome2-bin Execute the above command and provide the system administrator password to install the GNOME utility.
Now, to display the file content, execute the command as follows:
$ gnome-open Test.txt The above command will open the file with the default file system.
There are some other popular Linux environments, such as KDE DESKTOP, OS X UNIX, and more.
For KDE Desktop, execute the command as follows:
$ kde-open <file name> or,
$ xdg-open <file name> For OS X UNIX, execute the command as follows:
$ open <file name>
Most Effective GUI Tools to Free Up Space on Ubuntu and Linux Mint
This article covers the best GUI Tools to Free Up Space on Ubuntu and Linux Mint . In fact, you can use these tools to regularly keep your Ubuntu / Linux Mint system free of junk files.
How to Remove old kernels from the Ubuntu / Linux Mint system ?
1. As we should know, the Linux Kernel is the heart of the system, but it is also known that it is updated every so often, so they are released new versions which are installed in the system displacing the old versions which remain stored without being eliminated.
For this we must type the following command:
$ sudo dpkg 'linux-image *' --list2. Next, they must identify their oldest kernels and execute the following command to remove the previous versions.
Just replace xxxxx with the version of Linux you want to delete:
$ sudo apt-get remove linux-image-xxxxx3. As an alternative, an easier way to clean up these old kernels is to use 'autoremove':
$ sudo apt-get autoremove --purge
iostat Command in Linux - Explained with examples
This article covers how to use the iostat command in Linux. In fact, iostat command is used to monitor CPU utilization and I/O (input /output) statistics of all the disks and file systems. nfsiostat command is used to monitor i/o statistics of network file system(NFS).
iostat command generally generates two reports:
- CPU utilization report.
- All disks i/o statistics report.
To generate the reports, iostat command reads some of the system files . These files are:
- /proc/diskstats for disk stats.
- /proc/stat for system stats.
- /sys for block device stats.
- /proc/devices for persistent device names.
- /proc/self/mountstats for all the network filesystems.
- /proc/uptime for information regarding system uptime.
namei Command in Linux System - Explained with Examples
This article covers how to use the namei command in Linux.
The namei command in Linux follows a pathname until a terminal point is found. Following is its syntax:
$ namei [options] pathname...And here's what the man page says about this tool:
- namei :interprets its arguments as pathnames to any type of Unix file (symlinks, files, directories, and so forth). namei then follows each pathname until an endpoint is found (a file, a directory, a device node, etc). If it finds a symbolic link, it shows the link, and starts following it, indenting the output to show the context.
- This program is useful for finding "too many levels of symbolic links" problems.
Linux wget Command - Explained with Examples
This article covers the wget command which downloads files served with HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP over a network. In fact, Wget is a free GNU command-line utility tool used to download files from the internet. It retrieves files using HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols.
Wget command options includes:
- -V, --version: Display the version of wget, and exit.
- -h, --help: Print a help message describing all the wget's command-line options, and exit.
- -b, --background: Go to background immediately after startup. If no output file is specified via the -o, output is redirected to wget-log.
- -e command,
- --execute command: Execute command as if it were a part of the file .wgetrc. A command thus invoked is executed after the commands in .wgetrc, thus taking precedence over them.
How to Check if wget is Installed?
To check, open the terminal window and type in:
$ wgetIf the output displays wget command not found you need to download and install the tool manually. Below you will find the installation instructions for Ubuntu/Debian, CentOS, and Windows.
To install wget on Ubuntu or Debian releases, use the command:
$ sudo apt-get install wgetTo install wget on CentOS or Fedora, type the following command:
$ sudo yum install wgetHow to Install wget on Windows ?
- Download wget for Windows and install the package.
- Add the wget bin path to environment variables (optional). Configuring this removes the need for full paths, and makes it a lot easier to run wget from the command prompt:
- Open the Start menu and search for "environment".
- Select Edit the system environment variables.
- Select the Advanced tab and click the Environment Variables button.
- Select the Path variable under System Variables.
- Click Edit.
- In the Variable value field add the path to the wget bin directory preceded by a semicolon (;). If installed in the default path, add C:Program Files (x86)GnuWin32bin.
- Open the command prompt (cmd.exe) and start running wget commands.
tty (/dev/tty ) vs pts (/dev/pts) in Linux
This article covers the differences between pts and tty. In fact, it also shows you how to overview the Linux system.
Dig DNS Records in a Sample Python Program
This article covers how to dig DNS records by using a simple python program with the use of the python module dnspython. In fact, A Python program is useful to find either a single record type at a time or all record types of a domain name.
The dig lookup runs queries against DNS servers to retrieve DNS records for a specific name (FQDN - fully qualified domain name). It is possible to lookup any DNS record in this manner.
How does sudo apt-get update work in Ubuntu / Debian Linux system ?
This article covers the sudo apt-get update command which is useful for all beginners and Linux users. In fact, To explore more about this command, run the apt-get update or apt update command on your Linux system.
What does sudo apt-get upgrade command do?
- The sudo apt-get update command is used to download package information from all configured sources.
- The sources often defined in /etc/apt/sources.list file and other files located in /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ directory.
- So when you run update command, it downloads the package information from the Internet. It is useful to get info on an updated version of packages or their dependencies.
How to Run sudo apt-get update command to update package index ?
Simply type apt-get command or apt command:
$ sudo apt updateOR
$ sudo apt-get update
Best Skype Alternatives for Linux
This article covers the best Skype alternatives. In fact, If you wish to ditch Skype, one of these apps is likely to satisfy your call and messaging needs on Linux.
Fuser Command in Linux - Explained with examples
This article covers how to find processes by using the fuser command in Linux. In fact, the fuser command is primarily used to identify processes using files, directories, or sockets.
fuser command Options includes:
- -a, --all: Show all files specified on the command line. By default, only files that are accessed by at least one process are shown.
- -c: Same as -m option, used for POSIX compatibility.
- -f: Silently ignored, used for POSIX compatibility.
- -k, --kill: Kill processes accessing the file. Unless changed with -SIGNAL, SIGKILL is sent. An fuser process never kills itself, but may kill other fuser processes. The effective user ID of the process executing fuser is set to its real user ID before attempting to kill.
- -i, --interactive: Ask the user for confirmation before killing a process. This option is silently ignored if -k is not also present.
- -l, --list-signals: List all known signal names.
- -m NAME,
- --mount NAME NAME: specifies a file on a mounted file system or a block device that is mounted. All processes accessing files on that file system are listed. If a directory file is specified, it is automatically changed to NAME/. to use any file system that might be mounted on that directory.
- -M, --ismountpoint: Request is fulfilled only if NAME specifies a mountpoint. This is an invaluable seatbelt which prevents you from killing the machine if NAME happens to not be a filesystem.
- -w: Kill only processes which have write access. This option is silently ignored if -k is not also present.
- -n: SPACE,
- --namespace SPACE: Select a different name space. The name spaces file (file names, the default), udp (local UDP ports), and tcp (local TCP ports) are supported. For ports, either the port number or the symbolic name can be specified. If there is no ambiguity, the shortcut notation name/space (e.g., 80/tcp) can be used.
- -s, --silent: Silent operation. -u and -v are ignored in this mode. -a must not be used with -s.
- -SIGNAL: Use the specified signal instead of SIGKILL when killing processes. Signals can be specified either by name (e.g., -HUP) or by number (e.g., -1). This option is silently ignored if the -k option is not also present.
- -u, --user: Append the username of the process owner to each PID.
- -v, --verbose: Verbose mode. Processes are shown in a ps-like style. The fields PID, USER, and COMMAND are similar to ps. ACCESS shows how the process accesses the file. Verbose mode also shows when a particular file is being access as a mount point, knfs export or swap file. In this case, kernel is shown instead of the PID.
- -V, --version: Display version information.
- -4, --ipv4: Search only for IPv4 sockets. This option must not be used with the -6 option and only has an effect with the tcp and udp namespaces.
- -6, --ipv6: Search only for IPv6 sockets. This option must not be used with the -4 option and only has an effect with the tcp and udp namespaces.
- - : Reset all options and set the signal back to SIGKILL.
Mail Command in Linux - Explained with examples
This article covers the Complete guide for setting up a mail server using Postfix, Dovecot & SquirrelMail.
Linux mail command Options:
- -a, --append=HEADER: VALUE: Append given header to the message being sent.
- -e, --exist: Return true if mail exists.
- -E, --exec=COMMAND: Execute COMMAND.
- -f, --file[=URL]: Operate on given mailbox URL. The default mailbox is ~/mbox.
- -F, --byname: Save messages according to sender.
- -H, --headers: Write a header summary and exit.
- -i, --ignore: Ignore interrupts.
- -n, --norc: Do not read the system mailrc file.
- -N, --nosum: Do not display initial header summary.
- -p, --print: Print all mail to standard output.
- -q, --quit: Cause interrupts to terminate program.
- -r, --read: Same as -p
- -s, --subject=SUBJ: Send a message with a subject of SUBJ.
- -t, --to: Precede message by a list of addresses.
- -u, --user=USER: Operate on USER's mailbox.
- --license: Print license and exit.
- --external-locker=PATH: Set full path of the external locker program
- --lock-expire-timeout=SECONDS: Number of seconds after which the lock expires.
- --lock-flags=FLAGS: Default locker flags (E=external, R=retry, T=time, P=pid)
- --lock-retry-count=NUMBER: Set the maximum number of times to retry acquiring the lockfile.
- --lock-retry-timeout=SECONDS: Set timeout for acquiring the lockfile.
- -m, --mail-spool=URL: Use specified URL as a mailspool directory.
- --mailbox-type=PROTO: Default mailbox type to use.
- --tls[=BOOL]: Enable TLS support.
- -?, --help: Display a help message and exit.
- --usage: Display a short usage message and exit.
- -V, --version: Display program version and exit.
Mv Command in Linux - Explained with Examples
This article covers how to use the mv command in Linux.
mv command Options
- --backup[=vcm]: Make a backup of each existing destination file, using the version control method vcm. If vcm is omitted, --backup behaves the same as -b (backups are created, using the default version control method). See backing up files for details.
- -b: Like --backup, but does not accept a backup method. Instead, the method specified by the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable is used. Simple backups are created if the variable is not set. See version control methods for details.
- -f, --force: Always overwrite existing files without prompting. This can be useful if you need to overwrite multiple files whose permissions are read-only; if you don't specify -f, you are prompted for every file.
- -i, --interactive: Prompt before overwriting an existing file, regardless of the file's permissions.
- -n, --no-clobber: Never overwrite any existing file.
- --strip-trailing-slashes: Remove any trailing slashes from each source argument.
- -S, --suffix=suffix: Specify the file name suffix to be used for all backup files. The default is "~".
- -t,
- --target-directory=destination: Move all sources into the directory destination.
- -T, --no-target-directory: Treat destination as a normal file, not as a directory.
- -u, --update: Don't overwrite files if they're newer. A move only happens if the destination file is older than the source file, or the destination file does not already exist.
- -v, --verbose: Provide verbose output. Print the name of every file moved.
- --help: Display a help message, and exit.
- --version: Display version information, and exit.
Update Google Chrome - Step by step guide ?
This article covers how to check for recent chrome updates and how to install them. In fact, Chrome updates happen in the background automatically — keeping you running smoothly and securely with the latest features.
lsblk Command in Linux - Explained with examples
This article covers how to use the lsblk command in Linux. In fact, lsblk prints all block devices (except RAM disks) in a tree-like format by default. Use lsblk --help to get a list of all available columns.
The lsblk command in Linux lists block devices.
Following is Lsblk's syntax:
$ lsblk [options] [device...]Lsblk can be used to retrieve a vast range of information about all the block devices attached to the system.
How to make lsblk display info about device owner, group, and mode ?
This can be achieved using the -m command line option:
$ lsblk -m
Methods to List All Available Commands and Aliases in Linux
This article covers how to list all the available commands and aliases that we can run on Linux. In fact, The compgen is bash built-in command and it will show all available commands, aliases, and functions for you. This command works under Linux, macOS, *BSD and Unix-like system when Bash shell is installed.
w Command in Linux - Explained with Examples
This article covers all you need to know about the w command in Linux. In fact, The w command is a built-in tool that allows administrators to view information about users that are currently logged in. This includes their username, where they are logged in from, and what they are currently doing.
w Command in Linux Syntax
The Linux w command is a system utility that displays information about currently logged-in users. It uses the following syntax:
$ w [options] [username]Where:
- [options]: Options that change the way the command behaves.
- [username]: Entering the name of a specific user only shows information about that particular user in the output.
The w command uses the following options:
- -h, --no-header Print output without the header.
- -u, --no-current Ignores username when calculating current process times and load.
- -s, --short Print output in the short format.
- -f, --from Toggle printing the FROM (remote hostname) field.
- --help Display help text.
- -i, --ip-addr Replace the hostname in the FROM field with the IP address.
- -V, --version Display current command version.
- -o, --old-style Print old-style output (blank space for idle times shorter than 1 minute).
Generating Random Numbers via Linux Terminal
This article covers how to generate random numbers with a small command on the terminal or by creating the script.
Copy Multiple Files Using cp command in Linux - Complete guide ?
This article covers how to copy multiple files using the cp command in Linux. In fact, cp is the command entered in a Unix and Linux shell to copy a file from one place to another, possibly on a different filesystem. The original file remains unchanged, and the new file may have the same or a different name.
Configure a Custom SSH Banner - Step by step guide ?
This article covers How to Set a Custom SSH Warning Banner and MOTD in Linux. In fact, SSH banner warnings are necessary when companies or organizations want to display a stern warning to discourage unauthorized parties from accessing a server.
How to Configure Linux Mint 20 Automatic Updates Through GUI ?
This article covers the process of configuring the automatic updates of a Linux Mint 20 system.
htop Tool in Linux - htop command explained with examples
This article covers how to use the htop tool in Linux. In fact, the htop command is an interactive process viewer for Linux / Unix systems. It is a text-mode application and requires the ncurses library.
How to Install and Use Htop in Linux System ?
To install Htop on a Linux operating system distribution of your choice, reference one of the following installation commands:
$ sudo apt-get install htop [On Debian, Ubuntu and Mint]
$ sudo yum install htop [On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora and Rocky Linux/AlmaLinux]
$ sudo emerge sys-process/htop [On Gentoo Linux]
$ sudo pacman -S htop [On Arch Linux]
$ sudo zypper install htop [On OpenSUSE]
Host Command in Linux - Explained With examples
This article covers how to use the host command in Linux. In fact, host performs DNS lookups, converting domain names to IP addresses and vice versa. When no arguments or options are given, host prints a summary of its command line arguments and options.
Convert PNG, JPEG to WebP in Ubuntu? ( Also WebP to PNG and JPEG )
This article covers how to convert PNG, JPEG format to WebP in Ubuntu.
How to Add WebP support to GNOME Image Viewer in Ubuntu and Other Linux ?
1. On Ubuntu-based Linux distributions, you can install this library using a PPA. Use the following commands one by one:
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:krifa75/eog-ordissimo
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install webp-pixbuf-loader2. On Fedora, use:
$ sudo dnf install webp-pixbuf-loader3. On Arch Linux, use:
$ sudo pacman -S webp-pixbuf-loaderHow to install gThumb in Ubuntu and other Linux ?
To install gThumb in Ubuntu and other Ubuntu based Linux distributions, use the command below:
$ sudo apt-get install gthumb
Nice and Renice Command – How to Set Process Priority in Linux ?
This article covers more about the nice and renice command in Linux. In fact, If you need to set such priority for the specific process for the kernel to load and execute the process with the correct management of CPU resources, these nice and renice come in handy.
Install and Use Neofetch on Linux ( RHEL /CentOS / Arch ) - Step by step Guide ?
This article covers different ways of installing Neofetch on major Linux distributions. In fact, Neofetch is a handy tool when you want to display information about the system you are working on. It's mostly useful in tutorials and guides when you want to show your readers the OS and hardware type you are using.
To see what other options you can specify with Neofetch, run the neofetch --help command.
Monitor your NGINX web / proxy server using Amplify
This article covers Amplify which is an important monitoring tool having a significant role for the better handling of the server that is based on a SaaS monitoring platform. In fact, Amplify support for Nginx Plus, php-fpm and other components of the underlying operating system is a great advantage for the Nginx users to monitor all the involved systems through a WEB UI portal.
Nginx Amplify Agent collects the following types of data:
- Nginx Metrics – It collects various Nginx-related metrics from stub_status, logs files, and from the process state.
- System Metrics – Nginx Amplify monitors a variety of system metrics such as CPU usage, memory usage, network traffic, and many more.
- PHP-FPM Metrics – If it identifies a running PHP-FPM master process, it gets metrics from the PHP-FPM pool status.
- MySQL Metrics – The MySQL global status set of variables can be used by the agent to collect metrics.
- NGINX Metadata – The agent gathers data about NGINX instances such as package data, build information, binary path, build configuration settings, and many more.
- System Metadata – The agent collects data on the operating system, including hostname, uptime, OS flavor, and other details.
Change the Default User Shell in Linux OS - Step by step guide ?
This article covers the different ways to change default user shell in Linux OS. In fact it includes instructions for changing the login shell from the command line using chsh, or changing the shell only for a particular terminal application.
Difference Between LXC, LXD and Docker Containers
This article covers the differences between Docker containers, LXD, and LXC. In fact, You can use any of these containers as per your working environment and the requirements as each container technology has its own advantage and the limitations.
Tree Command in Linux - With Examples ?
This article covers how to use the tree command in Linux. In fact, the tree command lists contents of directories in a tree-like format.
Following is its syntax:
$ tree [OPTIONS] [directory]How to Install Tree Command in Linux ?
The tree command is not available by default in Linux distributions, and can be installed in Debian and RedHat-based distributions with:
$ sudo apt install tree [on Debian, Ubuntu & Mint]
$ sudo yum install tree [on RedHat, CentOS & Fedora]
$ sudo pacman -Sy tree [on Arch and Manjaro Linux]To Verify if it has been installed, run the below command:
$ tree -v
Echo command in Linux - With Examples
This article covers how to use echo command in Linux. In fact, Echo Command is used to display the text that has been passed as argument for the command. Also, it is used as a input for the next command or to send output to a file.
Syntax for using the Echo command in Linux is:
# echo option string
Best 3 Tools to Find and Delete Duplicate Files in Linux
This article covers the different tools to find and delete duplicate files in the linux system. In fact, having duplicate files in the system might create a really big issue.
Enable WordPress Debug for Error Troubleshooting
This article covers the procedure of debugging a WordPress site to enable you easily detect the errors and resolve the issue as soon as possible. In fact, WordPress provides a debug tool to help discover what may be the cause of an error on your website. This tool can display information on your live website. You can then check that log file to determine the cause of the issue you're attempting to resolve.
Install Bpytop Resource Monitoring Tool on CentOS 8 - Step by step guide ?
This article covers how to install Bpytop on the CentOS system. In fact, Bpytop provides a command-line interface to monitor system resources including disk, network, process, and CPU in real-time. Bpytop can be installed on several operating systems including Linux, macOS, and FreeBSD. Now you can start using it to monitor your system's resource usage.
How to Install bpytop on your Linux system ?
1. The best way to install the bpytop is by typing the following command to install or upgrade to the latest version:
$ pip3 install bpytop --upgrade2. On Arch Linux install bytop, Run the pacman commands:
$ sudo pacman -Syu
$ sudo pacman -S bpytop3. On Debian 11, We use the apt command:
$ sudo sh -c 'apt update && apt -y upgrade && apt -y install bpytop'4. For RHEL 8 enable EPEL (see how to enable and use EPEL on CentOS 8) and then type the dnf command:
$ sudo sh -c 'dnf update && dnf install bpytop'5. On FreeBSD install bpytop, Run the pkg command to install bpytop:
$ sudo pkg install bpytop6. On Ubuntu snap installation, Execute the following snap command:
$ sudo snap install bpytop
Use the Jinja2 Template in Ansible - Step by step guide ?
This article covers how to use Jinja2 templating engine to carry out more involved and dynamic file modifications with Ansible. In fact, Jinja2 is a powerful and easy to use python-based templating engine that comes in handy in an IT environment with multiple servers where configurations vary every other time. Creating static configuration files for each of these nodes is tedious and may not be a viable option since it will consume more time and energy.
Linux date command with example usages
This article covers the date command in Linux and showcased some of the command options that you can use to make the most of the command. In fact, Linux date command displays and sets the system date and time. This command also allows users to print the time in different formats and calculate future and past dates.
Monitor Linux performance using sysstat tool
This article covers how to install Linux Sysstat Utilities For Monitoring System Performance. In fact, Sysstat is a powerful monitoring tool for Linux environments.
Basically, Sysstat is actually a collection of utilities designed to collect information about the performance of a Linux installation and record them over time.
Main features of Sysstat:
- Display average statistics values at the end of the reports.
- On-the-fly detection of new devices (disks, network interfaces, etc.) that are created or registered dynamically.
- Support for UP and SMP machines, including machines with hyperthreaded or multi-core processors.
- Support for hotplug CPUs (it detects automagically processors that are disabled or enabled on the fly) and tickless CPUs.
- Works on many different architectures, whether 32- or 64-bit.
- Needs very little CPU time to run (written in C).
- System statistics collected by sar/sadc can be saved in a file for future inspection. You can configure the length of data history to keep. There is no limit for this history length but the available space on your storage device.
- System statistics collected by sar/sadc can be exported in various different formats (CSV, XML, JSON, SVG, etc.). DTD and XML Schema documents are included in sysstat package. JSON output format is also available for mpstat and iostat commands.
- iostat can display statistics for devices managed by drivers in userspace like spdk.
- Smart color output for easier statistics reading.
Different methods of installing Sysstat on any Linux distribution ?
1. Install from RHEL/Fedora/CentOS
Execute:
$ sudo yum install sysstatCentOS and Fedora systems call the collector process using a cron job in /etc/cron.d and it's enabled by default. On recent versions, systemd is used instead of cron. You may need to enable and start the sysstat service:
$ sudo systemctl enable sysstat
$ sudo systemctl start sysstat2. Install from Ubuntu
Execute:
$ sudo apt-get install sysstatThen enable data collecting:
$ sudo vi /etc/default/sysstatchange ENABLED="false" to ENABLED="true"
save the file
Last, restart the sysstat service:
$ sudo service sysstat restart3. Install Sysstat from sources
Clone sysstat public repository with:
$ git clone git://github.com/sysstat/sysstatThen configure sysstat for your system:
$ cd sysstat
$ ./configureYou can set several variables and parameters on the command line. For example you can enter the following option to activate data collecting (either using cron or systemd):
$ ./configure --enable-install-cronEnter ./configure --help to display all possible options.
Finally, Compile and install:
$ make
$ sudo make install
Create a virtual machine in KVM on the command line
This article covers how to create and manage guest virtual machines on KVM from the command-line. In fact, KVM (Kernel based Virtual Machine) is an opensource virtualization technology built for Linux machines. It comprises a kernel module – kvm.ko which provides the core virtualization platform and a processor-specific module ( kvm-intel.ko for Intel processors or kvm-amd.ko for AMD processors ).
How to Install KVM, Qemu, virt-manager & libvirtd daemon ?
To install KVM and associated packages, run the below command:
$ sudo apt install -y qemu qemu-kvm libvirt-daemon libvirt-clients bridge-utils virt-managerThe command installs the following packages:
- qemu-kvm – This is the main KVM package that provides virtualization support.
- libvirt – Includes the libvirtd daemon which supports creation and management of virtual machines.
- libvirt-client – This package provides the virsh utility used for interacting with virtual machines.
- virt-install – A utility that helps you to create virtual machines and install OS on those virtual machines from command line.
- virt-viewer – A utility that displays the graphical view for the virtual machine.
Once installed, we need to confirm if the required kvm modules are loaded. Therefore, run the command:
$ lsmod | grep kvmAdditionally, confirm that the libvirtd daemon is running as follows:
$ sudo systemctl status libvirtd.service
sysctl command in Linux - Explained with examples
This article covers how to use the sysctl command in Linux through examples. In fact, sysctl is used to modify kernel parameters at runtime. The parameters available are those listed under /proc/sys/. Procfs is required for sysctl support in Linux.
rm command in Linux - Explained with examples
This article covers how to use the rm command in Linux. In fact, the rm command is used for removing/deleting files and directories.
How to remove directories using rm command?
If you are trying to remove a directory, then you need to use the -r command line option. Otherwise, rm will throw an error saying what you are trying to delete is a directory:
$ rm -r [dir name]For example:
$ rm -r testdirHow to make rm prompt before every removal ?
If you want rm to prompt before each delete action it performs, then use the -i command line option:
$ rm -i [file or dir]For example, suppose you want to delete a directory 'testdir' and all its contents, but want rm to prompt before every deletion, then here's how you can do that:
$ rm -r -i testdir
man command in Linux - An overview with examples ?
This article covers how to use the man command in Linux. In fact, the man command allows users to view the reference manuals of a command or utility run in the terminal. The man page (short for manual page) includes a command description, applicable options, flags, examples, and other informative sections.
How to Enable Case-Sensitivity using man command ?
To search for manual pages using case-sensitivity, use the -I option. The syntax is:
$ man -I [command name]The man default setting is to ignore case when looking up manual pages. To go back to default settings and ignore case, use the -i option.
How to Use man in Linux ?
In the terminal window, type man followed by the Linux command name which man page you want to see.
The output of the command displays the available man page headings for the specified command.
The list of possible headings includes:
- Name: The name of the command.
- Synopsis: The command's syntax.
- Configuration: Configuration details for a device.
- Description: A description of the command.
- Examples: Several examples demonstrating the use of the command.
- Defaults: The default functions of the command and how they can be overridden.
- Options: A list of options and flags that the command accepts.
- Exit Status: A list of possible exit status values for the command.
- Environment: A list and description of environment variables that affect the command.
- Files: A list of files used by the command.
- See also: Commands related to the described topic.
- Authors: The people who wrote or maintain the command.
- History: Command development history.
- Notes: Various notes, including permissions required, dependencies, etc.
- Bugs: Any known issues in this program version.
Install Dillo Browser on Ubuntu 21.10 Edition - A step by step guide ?
This article covers the installation, launching, and removal of the Dillo browser on Ubuntu 20.10 edition.
How to Uninstall dillo package from Ubuntu Linux system ?
Please follow the steps below to uninstall dillo package:
$ sudo apt remove dillo
$ sudo apt autoclean && sudo apt autoremove
tail Command in Linux - With examples
This article covers how to use the tail command in Linux. In fact, The Linux tail command displays data from the end of a file. It can even display updates that are added to a file in real-time. It can also monitor a file and display each new text entry to that file as they occur. This makes it a great tool to monitor log files.
Monitor Network Traffic Using netstat Command in Linux
This article covers how to monitor network traffic using the netstat command. In fact, Netstat is a popular command for everything related to network analysis.
We explored the uses of the netstat command on the Linux system.
To install netstat, run the following on Debian and its derived distributions:
$ sudo apt install net-toolsOn RedHat and its derived distributions, run:
$ yum install net-toolsTo get the network load overview, you can call both netstat and ss with the flag -s. netstat gives the output in more depth, while ss gives a summary of the load:
$ netstat -s
finger Command in Linux - With examples ?
This article covers how to use the finger command in Linux. In fact, the finger command looks up and displays information about system users.
Install HyperTerminal on AlmaLinux/Rocky 8
This article covers the process of installing HyperTerminal on AlmaLinux. In fact, Hyper is an open-source fully extensible web-based, electronic-based terminal built on HTML/CSS/JS. It is an application that connects computers to other remote systems. It is a highly customizable lightweight terminal accessible across all platforms.
For additional help or useful information, we recommend you check the official Hyper website.
diff Command in Linux - With examples
This article covers how to compare two text files by the diff command in Linux. In fact, diff command is used to display the differences in the files by comparing the files line by line. It tells us which lines in one file have is to be changed to make the two files identical.
Install ownCloud on Linux Mint 20
This article covers how you can install ownCloud on your Linux Mint 20 machine and use it for creating and using your own file hosting services that can provide you with the functionality of Dropbox and Google Drive.
Mkdir Command in Linux
This article covers how to use the mkdir command with some examples. In fact, The mkdir command in Linux/Unix allows users to create or make new directories. mkdir stands for "make directory". With mkdir, you can also set permissions, create multiple directories (folders) at once, and much more.
Free Command in Linux
This article covers how to use the free command with some examples. In fact, the free command provides information about unused and used memory and swap space on any computer running Linux or another Unix-like operating system.
For more information about free command type in your terminal:
$ man free
Clear apt-cache on Debian 10
This article covers how to clear the cache created by apt in a completely safe way. It is faster and simpler than manually deleting the cache directory. apt (Advanced Packaging Tool) is the package installation and dependency management tool in Debian and other Debian-based distributions. It works on top of 'Dpkg' which is nothing but the Debian package installer.
The way apt installs packages is: it downloads the package for the required software, and additionally it downloads the packages for all the dependencies for the required software.
Install Grafana on Rocky Linux 8
This article covers how you can add data sources from a myriad of environments and start monitoring your applications with Grafana on your Rocky Linux 8 system. In fact, Grafana is the open source analytics and monitoring solution that enables you to query, visualize and alert on various systems metrics that can be pulled from various time series databases such as Graphite, InfluxDB & Prometheus etc.
Install Grafana on Linux Mint 20
This article covers how you can easily install Grafana on a Linux Mint 20 system. In fact, Grafana is capable of producing extremely fascinating charts and graphs with ability to manage and create your own dashboard for your apps or infrastructure performance monitoring.
Alias Command in Linux - With Examples
This article covers how to create aliases and use the alias command in Linux. In fact, the alias command instructs the shell to replace one string with another when executing commands. Aliases are used to customize the shell session interface. Using alias, frequently-used commands can be invoked using a different, preferred term; and complex or commonly-used options can be used as the defaults for a given command.
Display Asterisks While Typing Sudo Password in Linux (Ubuntu and CentOS Example)
This article covers how to show an asterisk as visual feedback while typing sudo password. Try once on Ubuntu or Centos by doing small changes on the file on /etc/sudoers file.
To Show Asterisks While Typing Sudo Password in Linux, simply edit the /etc/sudoers file and add pwfeedback. This makes the asterisks visible when the password is entered. After the file is edited and saved, we type reset command for the effect to take place.
Install Terminator on Ubuntu 20.04
This article covers how to Install and Use Terminator, the Terminal Multiplexer. In fact, The terminator is similar to the built-in terminal with added features. You can arrange Terminals in a grid, Tab, Drag and drop re-ordering the terminal, use keyword shortcuts, create and save profiles. It is inspired by programs such as gnome-multi-term, quad console, and so on.
For more information about Terminator, visit its documentation.
How to Install terminator on your Linux system ?
For kali Linux:
$ sudo apt-get install terminatorFor Ubuntu:
$ sudo apt install terminatorFor Arch Linux:
$ sudo pacman -S terminatorFor CentOS:
$ sudo yum install terminator
Set / Unset Environment Variables in Linux
This article covers how to set and unset both local and persistent environment variables in Linux. In fact, every time you start a shell session in Linux, the system goes through configuration files and sets up the environment accordingly. Environment variables play a significant role in this process.
Environment variables are a set of key value pairs stored on your Linux and used by processes in order to be able to perform specific operations. with the export command but also by modifying some system files to make them persistent.
How to Set Environment Variables on Linux using export ?
The easiest way to set environment variables is to use the export command:
$ export VAR="value"How to Unset Environment Variables on Linux Using unset command ?
To unset an environment variable, use the unset command with the following syntax:
$ unset <variable>Common Set of Environment Variables on Linux:
- USER : the current username of the user using the system;
- EDITOR : the program run to perform file edits on your host;
- HOME : the home directory of the current user;
- PATH : a colon separated list of directories where the system looks for commands;
- PS1 : the primary prompt string (to define the display of the shell prompt);
- PWD : the current working directory;
- _ : the most recent command executed on the system (by the user)
- MAIL : the path to the current user’s mailbox;
- SHELL : the shell used in order to interpret commands on the system, it can be many different ones (like bash, sh, zsh or others);
- LANG : the language encoding used on the system;
- DESKTOP_SESSION : the current desktop used on your host (GNOME, KDE)
- HISTFILESIZE : number of lines of command history stored in the history file;
- HISTSIZE : number of lines of history allowed in memory;
- UID : the current UID for the user.
Install an SSL Certificate in Tomcat for a Java project in Linux
This article covers how to generate CSR files and install CA signed SSL certificates in Tomcat for Java projects.
The need to create a self-signed certificate ?
- It allows you to learn to create a keystore and certificate, which is good practice for getting an actual SSL/TLS certificate provided by a Certificate Authority.
- It allows you to use a certificate right away and make sure it works successfully.
- It's free.
Working with System Locales in Linux
This article covers how to set a system and view the locale on Linux. In fact, Locale settings usually consist of at least a language code, a country/region code, time / date format, numbers format setting, currency format setting, Color setting, and so on.
To view the information regarding the currently installed locale use the following command on the terminal:
$ locale
For more information, see the locale, update-locale and localectl man pages with the below commands respectively:
$ man locale
$ man update-locale
$ man localectl
Generate CSR (Certificate Signing Request) in Linux ?
This article covers the process of creating a CSR file in any Linyx system which is very necessary before applying for an SSL certificate from a Certificate Authority(CA). In fact, Certificate Signing Request(CSR) is a block encrypted text which is given to Certificate Authority when applying for SSL Certificate. Generation of Certificate Signing Request(CSR) for Secure Sockets Layer(SSL) is common in Linux on various distributions.
CSR is generated on the server, it stores information relating to the organization, domain name, country, a city which is to be included in the certificate. The CSR Certificate can be used on any website whenever it is necessary to encrypt communications. To generate an SSL certificate, CSR certificate has to be generated. To obtain a self-signed SSL Certificate, it is necessary to create CSR, after generating submit it to a certificate authority to acquire an SSL Certificate.
Best 4 Open-Source Remote Desktop Tools for Linux
This article covers the best remote desktop tools for accessing Linux systems remotely. These are the best 4 RDP clients or tools that ensure optimal performance and provide seamless access to Linux-based computer systems. The 4 best RDP tools are Zoho Assist, Remmina, TigerVNC, and XRDP.
Enable Snap on Rocky Linux / AlmaLinux
This article covers how you can install and enable snap of your Rocky Linux system. In fact, Snap are packages that are developed to install on Linux systems regardless of what the Linux distribution flavor is. Therefore, it doesn't matter whether you are on Ubuntu, Debian Rocky Linux, Centos, OpenSUSE, etc.
How to install Snap-Store ?
In case you are using the Graphical user interface of Rocky Linux then we can also install Snap store GUI on it to install its packages using the graphical interface rather command line:
$ sudo snap install snap-store
$ rebootWith the completion of the above installation, go to Applications and search for Snap Store. When its icon appears, click to run it.
Install and Use GNOME Shell Extensions in Linux
This article covers how you can use the basic / limited functionalities provided by the built-in extensions or use the additional extensions provided by the GNOME official site to amp up your desktop game. Or you can set your extension manually by their downloaded packages. It all depends on your preferences. In fact, GNOME shell extensions are useful in desktop environment customization, but their usability is dependent on its user.
Batch Process Images Using Converseen in Ubuntu 20.04 Linux system
This article covers all about Batch processing using Converseen. In fact, Converseen is an open source software for batch image conversion. With this tool, you can convert multiple images to another format, resize, change their aspect ratio, rotate or flip them all at once.
Now you can edit and convert all your images with just a few clicks.
How to Install Converseen on Linux ?
1. On Debian and Ubuntu-based distributions, use:
$ sudo apt install converseen2. On Fedora, use:
$ sudo dnf install converseen3. On Arch and Manjaro, use:
$ sudo pacman -Sy converseen
Install Yay AUR Helper in ArchLinux
This article covers how Yay AUR helper works and to easily install and manage software applications. In fact, Yay is an Aur helper which is Written in the Golang Go language and was developed with minimal dependencies and minimal user input. It performs just as well as Pacman and has an interactive search/install functionality. Also, It allows you to TAB complete, download PKGBUILDs from AUR or ABS, and locates matching package providers during a search operation.
Install Audacity on Linux Mint 20
This article covers how to install Audacity on your Linux Mint 20 system. In fact, Audacity is a very powerful and popular editing application that can be very useful when manipulating audio files. With the help of this useful tool, you will not only be able to record your audios but will also be able to edit them very efficiently.
How to Install Audacity via Snap Store and Launch on Linux ?
1. Perform system update:
$ sudo apt update2. Install Snapd:
$ sudo apt install snapd3. Install Audacity:
$ sudo snap install audacity4. Once Audacity has been installed via Snap, run the Audacity application by searching for the term 'audacity' in the Application menu.
5. Click the Audacity icon to open Audacity.
500 Internal Server Error - Step by step fix ?
This article covers what 500 Internal Server Error and different ways to fix it. In fact, "500 Internal Server Error" simply indicates that an error has occurred during connection to the server and that the requested page cannot be accessed.
What does 500 internal server error mean?
The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 500 Internal Server Error response code represents that the server is unable to fulfill a particular request that was made by a user at the frontend of the website.
How do I fix internal server error?
The best and quick ways to fix the internal server errors are:
- Try reloading your web pages. Do it with F2 or Ctrl+F5
- Clear cache of your browsers.
- Delete all browser cookies.
503 Service Unavailable Error - Step by Step fix ?
This article covers what 503 Service Unavailable Error and different ways to fix it. In fact, A 503 Service Unavailable Error happens when a web server is temporarily unable to handle a request that’s been made of it.
Install and Use FFmpeg on Debian 11
This article covers how to install and use the FFmpeg multimedia framework on Debian 11 bullseye distribution. In fact, FFmpeg is a cross-platform solution for streaming audio and video as well as recording and conversion. With FFmpeg, you can convert between various video and audio formats, set sample rates, capture streaming audio/video, and resize videos.
How to Install FFmpeg on Debian ?
1. Log in to SSH and Update Debian package lists:
$ sudo apt update2. Install FFmpeg with the apt package manager:
$ sudo apt install ffmpeg3. Check the installed FFmpeg version:
$ ffmpeg -version
Install Volatility on Linux Mint 20
This article covers to install Volatility on your Linux Mint 20 system via a step by step guide. In fact, Volatility is a powerful tool used for analyzing memory dumps on Linux, Mac, and Windows systems.
Hardlink and Softlink in Linux – How it works with Examples
This article covers how both hard links and soft links also known as symbolic links works in a Linux system. In fact, Soft links, also called symbolic links, are files that points to other files on the filesystem while Hard links to a file are instances of the file under a different name on the filesystem.
What are inodes?
Inodes are essentially identification cards for your file. They contain the file metadata, the file permissions, the file type, the file size but most importantly the physical address of this file on the disk.
Install SlimJet Browser on Ubuntu 20.04
This article covers how to install, run, and remove a fantastic, graphical user interface-based browser for Ubuntu 20.04 LTS terminal. In fact, SlimJet is a privacy-focused browser and comes with a built-in adblocker. This means that it DOES NOT send any usage statistics back to Google’s server like Google Chrome which is ultimate for privacy.
To Install Slimjet on Debian, Ubuntu & Mint, run the below commands respectively:
[For 64-bit DEB based systems]
$ wget http://www.slimjet.com/release/archive/8.0.4.0/slimjet_amd64.deb
$ sudo dpkg -i slimjet_amd64.deb[For 32-bit DEB based systems]
$ wget http://www.slimjet.com/release/archive/8.0.4.0/slimjet_i386.deb
$ sudo dpkg -i slimjet_i386.deb
Install Lynx Browser on Ubuntu 20.04
This article covers how to install, run, and remove the oldest terminal-based browser Lynx for Ubuntu 20.04 LTS terminal. In fact, Lynx is a terminal-based web browser for all Linux distributions which shows the result as plain text on the terminal.
Install Links Browser on Ubuntu 20.04
This article covers how to install, run, and remove the Links browser for Ubuntu 20.04 LTS terminal. In fact, Links provides a pull-down menu system, renders complex pages, has partial HTML 4.0 support (including tables, frames and support for multiple character sets and UTF-8), supports color and monochrome terminals and allows horizontal scrolling.
How To Install links on Ubuntu ?
1. Update system:
$ sudo apt-get update2. Install links:
Ater updating the OS run following command to install the package:
$ sudo apt-get install links
Install Elinks on Ubuntu 20.04
This article covers how to install, run, and remove Elinks browser on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. In fact, Elinks runs in the terminal. Not only it saves bandwidth but also consumes a few system resources. On a server where resources are always constrained, elinks can be the best choice to access the web.
Step by step installation of elinks:
1: Update system:
$ sudo apt-get update2: Install: elinks
Ater updating the OS run following command to install the package:
$ sudo apt-get install elinksHow to Completely remove elinks with all configuration files from Ubuntu?
Following command should be used with care as it deletes all the configuration files and data:
$ sudo apt-get purge elinksor you can use following command also:
$ sudo apt-get purge --auto-remove elinksAbove command will remove all the configuration files and data associated with elinks package. You can can't recover the delete data, so, use this command with care.
Install Browsh on Ubuntu 20.04
This article covers how to download, install and remove Browsh on your Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. In fact, Browsh is a free and open source text based command line web browser for Linux,BSD and Windows which supports HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, and video, photos and WebGL content.
Install MiddleMan on Ubuntu 20.04
This article covers the installation of ruby, middleman, and related gems on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS Linux system. In fact, Middleman is a Ruby-powered static site generator which follows an easy-first approach to building static sites. It has powerful features for maintaining static blogs, like easy tag generation, quick commands for listing categorized articles and pagination.
You can install Middleman with Ruby using this command:
$ gem install middleman
Linux vmstat Command
This article covers how to use the vmstat command in Linux. In fact, vmstat command in Linux/Unix is a performance monitoring command of the system as it gives the information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, disk, and CPU scheduling. All these functionalities makes the command vmstat also known as virtual memory statistic reporter.
Linux su Command - With Examples
This article covers how to use the su command in Linux and the difference between su and sudo. In fact, the su command changes the current user ID to that of the superuser, or another specified user.
su command syntax is:
su [options] [username]If no username is specified, su defaults to becoming the superuser (root).
options to use with the su command:
- Username – Replace username with the actual username you want to log in with. This can be any user, not just root.
- –c or –command [command] – Runs a specific command as the specified user.
- – or –l or –login [username] – Runs a login script to change to a specific username. You’ll need to enter a password for that user.
- –s or –shell [shell] – Allows you to specify a different shell environment to run in.
- –h or –help – Show the help file for the su command.
- –p or ––preserve–environment – Preserve the shell environment (HOME, SHELL, USER, LOGNAME).
How to enable the Root User in Ubuntu ?
To enable the root user account on Ubuntu, use the following command to set a password for it. Bear in mind that Ubuntu recommends against this:
$ sudo passwd rootSudo will prompt you for your current user account's password before you can set a new password. Use your new password to log in as root from a terminal login prompt or with the su command. You should never run a full graphical environment as the root user – this is a very poor security practice, and many programs will refuse to work.
Install NetHogs on Linux Mint 20 - Follow these steps ?
This article covers how to install the NetHogs network bandwidth monitoring utility very easily on your Linux Mint 20 system. In fact, you will be able to get the network bandwidth usage in real-time very efficiently without any sort of hassle.
Extract Files to a Specified Folder in Linux
This article covers the process of extracting compressed files to a specific directory in Linux.
To Unzip files in particular directory or folder under Linux, run the command:
$ unzip {.zip-file-name}-d {/path/to/extract}
iftop Command in Ubuntu Linux system - With Examples ?
This article covers how to use IFTOP utility in Linux. In fact, iftop is a network analyzing tool used by system administrators to view the bandwidth related stats. It basically acts as a diagnostics to diagnose which program is causing the problem to the network.
How to Install iftop command on Linux system ?
1. For RedHat based Linux:
$ yum install epel-release
$ yum install iftop2. For Debian or Ubuntu Linux:
$ sudo apt install iftop
Install HexChat on Debian - The easiest method ?
This article covers how to install and remove HexChat 10 buster edition. In fact, HexChat is a nice chatting utility to connect with IRC servers.
Installing hexchat package on Ubuntu is as easy as running the following commands on terminal:
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install hexchatHow to Install HexChat in Linux ?
Run the below command as per your Linux distribution:
$ sudo apt install hexchat [On Debian/Ubuntu & Mint]
$ sudo yum install hexchat [On CentOS/RHEL 7]
$ sudo dnf install hexchat [On CentOS/RHEL 8 & Fedora]
$ sudo yay -S hexchat [On Arch Linux]
$ sudo zypper install hexchat [On OpenSUSE Linux]
$ sudo pkg install hexchat [On FreeBSD]
Reading a File with Spaces in Linux - How it Works ?
This article covers how you can read files and also handle directories with filenames that contain spaces in Linux. To to use files with spaces you can either use the escape character or use the double quotes. is called escape character, used to not expansion of space, so now bash read the space as part of file name.
How to Navigate to a directory with spaces in the directory name ?
To navigate to a directory with spaces in its directory name, use the syntax below:
$ cd directory\ nameTo navigate to the directory 'linoxapt files' execute the command below:
$ cd linoxapt\ files
HTTrack Advanced Configurations on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
This article covers every aspect of HTTrack settings. In fact, WebHTTrack backs up complete websites for offline access and modifies the links automatically. Despite ubiquitous Internet access, users often have good reason to create offline copies of websites – be it for archiving or to provide the content on your intranet. However, manual mirroring can be time-consuming and cumbersome. Tools like WebHTTrack can help, and they allow convenient updating of the content. Now you are ready to mirror any website using HTTrack on Ubuntu 20.04 Linux distribution.
Install Alpine email client on Debian 10 - Follow these steps ?
This article covers how to install, run, and remove Alpine on Debian 10, which is an amazing email client full of features to run in the terminal forever. In fact, Alpine is a CLI email client for BSD and GNU/Linux.
How to install Alpine on Linux ?
For EL7:
$ sudo yum -y install alpineFor Fedora:
$ sudo dnf -y install aplineFor Debian & Ubuntu & derivatives:
$ sudo apt -y install alpine
Install w3m Browser on Ubuntu 20.04 - Easy steps to follow ?
This article covers how to install, run, and remove a fantastic, multi-color, and terminal-based browser w3m for Ubuntu 20.04 LTS terminal. In fact, If you're looking for text-based web browser To use it from the terminal and Lynx does not convince you, W3M can be a good alternative. This is a modern text-based terminal web browser for Gnu / Linux it has a lot to offer.
Install phpMyAdmin on AlmaLinux / CentOS 8 - Follow the steps outlined here ?
This article covers the installation and configuration procedure of phpMyAdmin on CentOS 8 / AlmaLinux 8. It is one of the most popular database administration tools used by hosting companies and system administrators for performing database activities such as creating, deleting, querying tables, columns, relations, indexes, users, permissions, etc. Now, you can create and manage all the databases conveniently without the need of running SQL queries.
Install Yarn on Rocky Linux 8 / AlmaLinux 8 - Best method ?
This article covers the process of installing Yarn on Rocky Linux system. In fact, Yarn is a tool for managing, updating, and sharing your Java code. Yarn works through node.js helping to track libraries, dependencies, and even enables you to share solutions with other developers.
Linux Server Hardening – Best practices to apply ?
This article covers some best practices to harden Linux systems. In fact, Securing your Linux server(s) is a difficult and time consuming task for System Administrators but its necessary to harden the server’s security to keep it safe from Attackers and Black Hat Hackers. You can secure your server by configuring the system properly and installing as minimum software as possible.
Rsync and BTRFS in Linux - Their differences ?
This article covers how Rsync and BTRFS differ from each other. In fact, the really main difference is that RSYNC can create snapshots on an external disks. Not the same BTRFS. So, if your need is to prevent an unrecoverable crash of your hard disk, you must use RSYNC. After that using a live boot media (pendrive or DVD) you can install on the live boot media Timeshift and the restore your system from the external disk.
Top 5 Visual Studio Code Extensions for Linux Users
This article covers a variety of extensions for Linux users. The features that Visual Studio Code includes out-of-the-box are just the start. VS Code extensions let you add languages, debuggers, and tools to your installation to support your development workflow. VS Code's rich extensibility model lets extension authors plug directly into the VS Code UI and contribute functionality through the same APIs used by VS Code.
Install PostgreSQL 13 on Debian 11 - A step by step guide ?
This article covers a step-by-step procedure of installing PostgreSQL 13 on Debian 11 Bulls-Eye. In fact, PostgreSQL is an open source, powerful, resilient and fault tolerant relational database management system powering many mission critical applications.
Features of PostgreSQL 13 includes:
- Improvements from de-duplication of B-tree index entries – Space savings and performance gains from.
- Queries that use aggregates or partitioned tables gets improved performance.
- Incremental sorting.
- Better query planning when using extended statistics.
- Parallelized vacuuming of indexes.
Linux chage Command - An overview with examples ?
This article covers how to use the chage command in Linux. In fact, With the help of chage command we can view the aging information of an account, date when the password was previously changed, set the password changing time, lock an account after certain amount of time etc
To get the details of the password aging information use the "chage" utility with this add the option -l to display all the details
chage command Syntax is given below:
# chage -l <username>
Linux pwd Command - An overview with examples
This article covers how to use the pwd command in Linux. In fact, pwd Linux command is mainly used for printing the name of the current working directory. Examples of printing the current working directory, avoiding symlinks and how to get the current working directory in shell scripts.
Install Stacer System Optimizer & Monitoring Tool on Ubuntu 20.04 - Best Method ?
This article covers the different ways and steps to perform the installation of Stacer on Ubuntu Linux system. In fact, Stacer lets you perform several Linux optimization and monitoring tasks through a single utility. Now you can manage and monitor your system easily and efficiently using a graphical tool.
To install the latest version of Stacer in Debian and Ubuntu-based Linux distributions, use the following PPA y running the commands:
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:oguzhaninan/stacer
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install stacer
Allow Remote Connections to MySQL - Best Method ?
This article covers how to allow remote connections to a MySQL server. Hosting databases and web servers on a separate database server can improve security, hardware performance, and enable you to scale resources quickly.
One of the most frequently observed database bottlenecks encountered by large projects is high MySQL traffic. Sure, we could talk about moving to a bigger cloud instance size, faster cores, and better storage, but that’s too obvious and costly. Instead, we would like to focus on several tips that can reduce traffic with a bit of configuration.
Methods to reduce Internet traffic when connecting to the remote host:
- Disable and/or optimize the high-load features of your application.
- Use ProxySQL to enable connection pooling. This will prevent your application from overloading MySQL with a multitude of concurrent connections. Another nice feature of ProxySQL helps cache query results for a certain period of time.
- Monitor your databases for performance bottlenecks.
- Identify and optimize queries that cause high load. If you use dbForge Studio for MySQL, you get a specialized tool—Query Profiler—which helps you deal with this task easily.
- Add missing indexes and eliminate redundant and unused ones.
- Conduct a thorough check of your background operations. Some of them can be postponed, some may work just as effectively with limited resources (e.g. limited concurrencies for batch jobs), and some may be perfectly running on replicas.
Configure Nginx Server Block and Secure Nginx with Let's Encrypt SSL on Rocky Linux 8 / CentOS 8
This article covers how you can configure an Nginx server block and secure your web server using Let's Encrypt SSL. In fact, Let’s Encrypt SSL certificate is a digital certificate provided by Let’s Encrypt CA ( Certificate Authority) to secure a web server.
How to Install Certbot on your RHEL-based distros / Linux system ?
1. First, install the EPEL repository which provides additional and high-quality packages for RHEL-based distros:
$ sudo dnf install -y epel-release2. Once installed, install certbot and certbot module for Nginx:
$ sudo dnf install certbot python3-certbot-nginxThis installs certbot, certbot module for Nginx host of other packages and dependencies.
Check your HDD / SSD Health in Ubuntu 20.04 - The best way ?
This article covers the different ways to check the health of your Hard Disk Drives and Solid-State Drives. In fact, SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) is a feature enabled in all modern hard disk drives and SSDs to monitor/test reliability. It checks different drive attributes to detect the possibility of drive failure.
What is the need to check Linux system SSD and HDD drives ?
If you are a system administrator and responsible for managing Linux systems in Datacenter. Then, it is recommended to check the health of the SSD and HDD drives regularly. It will help you to identify failed drives and they can be replaced before any data loss occurs. S.M.A.R.T is a tool used to monitor the health status of SSD and HDD. It also allows you to perform on-demand tests on the drive.
How to Test SSD Health using Smartctl ?
Smartctl is a command-line utility tool that can be used to check S.M.A.R.T-enabled HDD or SSD status in the Linux system.
Smartctl utility tool comes with the package smartmontools. Smartmontools is available by default in all Linux distributions including Ubuntu, RHEL and Centos and Fedora.
To install smartmontools in Linux, run the below command:
$ sudo apt install smartmontools To Start Smartmontools service, execute the below command:
$ sudo /etc/init.d/smartmontools startSmartd service will start automatically after the successful installation.
If not started, start smartd service:
$ sudo systemctl start smartd
Top 5 Free and Open-Source HR Software
This article covers the best open source HR management software tools for you. They are effective and useful for small and medium businesses to efficiently manage their human resources.
Businesses are struggling to recruit good and qualified personnel, and to retain them in their service over a substantial period, the above HR management software tools can help to ease the burden of HR managers in businesses.
The listed HR software are OrangeHRM, Sentrifugo, IceHRM, Orange HRM and WaypointHR. Software such as WaypointHR and IceHRM will have to be downloaded from third-party software providers, such as SourceForge.
Set Up Passwordless SSH Login Using ssh-keygen - How to do it ?
This article covers how to enable ssh passwordless login using ssh-keygen and ssh-copy-id. In fact, SSH (Secure SHELL) can be used to transfer files from one computer to another computer over the network using a secure copy (SCP) Protocol.
ssh-keygen creates the public and private keys. ssh-copy-id copies the local-host's public key to the remote-host's authorized_keys file. ssh-copy-id also assigns proper permission to the remote-host's home, ~/.ssh, and ~/.ssh/authorized_keys.
Encrypt Apache Webserver with Let's Encrypt SSL Certificate on Rocky Linux 8 - How to do it ?
This article covers how to secure your Apache webserver with Let's Encrypt SSL certificate. In fact, Let's Encrypt SSL certificates are yet another option for securing your web site with an SSL. Once installed, the system provides automatic renewal of certificates and will encrypt traffic to your web site.
Install Bitwarden on Linux Mint 20 - Follow these steps ?
This article covers the best method to install the Bitwarden password manager on your Linux Mint 20 system. In fact, Bitwarden stores all of your logins in an encrypted vault that syncs across all of your devices. Since it’s fully encrypted before it ever leaves your device, only you have access to your data. Not even the team at Bitwarden can read your data, even if we wanted to.
Best Open Sources Shells in Linux
This article covers the most popular shells among Linux users. In fact, Shell is an environment in which we can run our commands, programs, and shell scripts. There are different flavors of a shell, just as there are different flavors of operating systems. Each flavor of shell has its own set of recognized commands and functions. As Linux is flexible we can switch between shells easily without any additional configuration.
What is a Shell Prompt in Linux ?
The prompt, $, which is called the command prompt, is issued by the shell. While the prompt is displayed, you can type a command.
Shell reads your input after you press Enter. It determines the command you want executed by looking at the first word of your input. A word is an unbroken set of characters. Spaces and tabs separate words.
Following is a simple example of the date command, which displays the current date and time:
$date
Thu Jun 25 08:30:19 MST 2021Functions of Linux kernel:
- Controls all computer operations.
- Coordinates all executing utilities.
- Ensures that executing utilities do not interfere with each other or consume all system resources.
- Schedules and manages all system processes.
Install and Configure Fail2ban on Ubuntu 20.04 - Do it this way ?
This article covers how to install Fail2ban and protect SSH from illegitimate attempts. For webmasters or anyone managing Linux server that is accessible over the Internet, the risks of the server being compromised is high, so implementing best security practices to help mitigate these attacks should be a priority. In fact, Fail2ban is a tool that help protect Linux servers from brute force and other automated attacks by monitoring the services logs for malicious activity. It uses regular expressions to scan the server's logs for malicious attempts and bans offending IPs for a specific length of time using the system's firewall.
How to Install Fail2ban on any Linux system ?
Fail2ban packages are automatically included in Ubuntu repositories. To install it, simply run the commands below:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install fail2banOnce the installation is complete, the service should automatically start up and ready to be configured.
To check if the service is up and operational, run the commands below:
$ sudo systemctl status fail2ban
Install Steam on CentOS 8 - Follow this guide ?
This article covers the installation procedure of the Steam application on CentOS using the Flatpak package management tool.
Upgrade Debian 10 Buster to Debian 11 Bullseye - Step by Step guide ?
This article covers a step by step guide on how to perform upgrade from Debian 10 Buster to Debian 11 Bullseye. Before this upgrade, it is crucial that you make a backup of your data and system configurations. For cloud-based VMs one can quickly backup and restore using snapshots.
The most important things you have to backup are contents of /etc, /var/lib/dpkg, /var/lib/apt/extended_states and the output of dpkg –get-selections "*".
Debian 11 comes with the following features:
- Newer version of desktop environments such as Gnome 3.38, KDE Plasma 5.20, MATE 1.24, Xfce 4.16, LXDE 11, LXQt 0.16 e.t.c
- Linux Kernel 5.10LTS
- ExFAT support
- Package updates
- Printer and Scanner improvement
- Supports many architectures such as 32-bit and 64-bit PC, 64-bit ARM, ARMv7, ARM EABI, little-endian MIPS, 64-bit little-endian PowerPC, 64-bit little-endian MIPS, IBM System z e.t.c thus referred to as a universal operating system
Best tools to backup Linux system data and configurations:
- Rsync– a commandline utility tool used to backup personal and $ Home directory data
- Deja Dup– a GUI utility used to backup personal data.
- Timeshift– a tool used to backup system files and configurations.
- Restic– a commandline utility toolthat saves multiple revisions of files in an encrypted repository stored on different backends.
- Rsnapshot– this is a commandline utility tools that creates periodic snapshots for local and remote machines over ssh.
- Other tools include: Barman, BackupPC, Bup, Lsyncd, Bareos, Bacula, Duplicati, Borg e.t.c
List Tables in a MySQL Database - Best Methods ?
This article covers how to get information of the tables in the MySQL database. The following illustrates the syntax of the MySQL SHOW TABLES command:
SHOW TABLES;
Install Shotcut on Linux Mint 20 - The complete guide ?
This article covers the installation of Shotcut on a Linux Mint 20 system with the help of the Flatpak package manager. In fact, Shotcut is a Free, Open Source, Cross-Platform Video Editor.
Install Sonar on Linux Mint 20 - The complete guide ?
This article covers the complete Installation procedure of Sonar on Linux Mint system. In fact, Sonar is a Docker utility to manager image and tag information from Docker Hub. Basically, It can display information on Docker images, tags, and layers including the packages installed in those images.
Install Bitwarden on Ubuntu 20.04 - A complete guide ?
This article covers how to install and setup free version of Bitwarden for individual use. Now start saving your passwords and other confidential information in your Bitwarden vault. Using Bitwarden you can easily and safely generate, store, and secure unique passwords from any location or device. It is compliant with Privacy Shield, HIPAA, GDPR, CCPA, SOC2 and SOC3 security standards and comes with AES-256 bit encryption, salted hashing, and PBKDF2 SHA-256.
How to Install Bitwarden via Snap ?
1. Open the terminal app (ctrl+alt+t) and run below Bitwarden password manager snap installation command:
$ sudo snap install bitwarden2. After the installation you can open Bitwarden from the application menu or via this command.
$ bitwarden3. It also comes with a command-line support. You can install the Bitwarden command-line cli app via the below command.
$ sudo snap install bw
Install Pandoc on Linux Mint 20 - Complete Procedure ?
This article covers the installation procedure of Pandoc on a Linux Mint 20 machine. This tool can be utilized to design a wide range of different documents.
To check Pandoc Version, simply run the below command:
$ pandoc -vTo Update System and Install Pandoc, simply run the following command:
$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install pandoc
Install OwnCloud on Rocky Linux 8 - A step by step guide ?
This article covers how to successfully install OwnCloud on Rocky Linux 8. In fact, OwnCloud is an open source project that can be installed on your server to securely store and access files. Also allows you to share and collaborate contents that lets teams work on data easily from anywhere, on any device. With the support of a lot of plugins, Nextcloud becomes such a Collaboration software. You can install plugins for project management, video conferencing, collaborative editing, note-taking, email client, etc.
To Open port 80 in firewall, use the following command:
$ firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp --permanent
$ firewall-cmd --reloadHow to Install Apache or httpd web server on the Rocky Linux server ?
1. Simply Execute the dnf command below to install the httpd web server:
$ sudo dnf install httpdType "y" and press "Enter" to confirm and install httpd packages.
2. Now, enable and start the httpd service using the following command:
$ sudo systemctl enable httpd
$ sudo systemctl start httpdThe "systemctl enable" command will enable the service to start at every boot.
3. Finally, run the command below to verify the httpd service:
$ sudo systemctl status httpd
Install GParted on Linux Mint 20 - A step by step guide ?
This article covers methods to install GParted on a Linux Mint 20 system. In fact, GParted is an open-source GUI-based disk partition editor originally developed for Linux GNOME Desktop. It allows you to create, resize, copy and paste, move, and repair disk partitions using easy-to-use GUI. Also it supports many filesystems including btrfs, ext2/ext3/ext4, fat16/fat32, lvm2, ntfs and xfs, and a variety of storage devices such as SATA/IDE/SCSI, Flash memory, SSD and RAID.
How to Install Gparted on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint ?
Gparted is part of the base repositories on Debian-based Linux, so apt-get will do the job:
$ sudo apt-get install gparted
GParted enables you to easily manage your disk partitions:
- Create partition tables, (e.g., msdos or gpt).
- Create, move, copy, resize, check, label, set new UUID, and delete partitions.
- Enable and disable partition flags, (e.g., boot or hidden).
- Align partitions to mebibyte (MiB) or traditional cylinder boundaries.
- Attempt data rescue from lost partitions.
Install Juju on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by step process ?
This article covers the Installation procedure of Juju client on the Linux system Ubuntu 20.04. In fact, Juju is a service-modeling tool for Ubuntu. Connect it to any cloud service, model your application, and press deploy—done. Juju takes care of lower-level configuration, deployments, and scaling, and even monitors your services.
Juju Components includes:
- Charmed Operator Lifecycle Manager – This is an Orchestration and management system.
- Charmed Operator Software Development Kit – This is a set of tools for creating and packaging operators.
- Juju as a Service(jaas) – Managed juju service by canonical for enterprise customers.
- Charmhub – This is a repository hosting re-usable charms
What is Localhost ?
This article covers what localhost is as well as 127.0.0.1/loopback. In fact, Developers use the localhost to test web applications and programs. Network administrators use the loopback to test network connections. Another use for the localhost is the hosts file, where you can use the loopback to block malicious websites.
Install "exa" on Linux Mint 20 - Best Method ?
This article covers how to install "exa" on your system and use it as a replacement for the "ls" command in Linux Mint 20. In fact, exa is a modern replacement for the venerable file-listing command-line program ls that ships with Unix and Linux operating systems, giving it more features and better defaults. It uses colours to distinguish file types and metadata. It knows about symlinks, extended attributes, and Git. And it’s small, fast, and just one single binary. Using this modern tool will simply allow you to visualize your files and directories in Linux in a much better way.
Install bpytop on Linux Mint 20 - Complete guide ?
This article covers how to install bpytop tool on a Linux Mint 20 system. In fact, BpyTop is a Linux command-line utility for resource monitoring. It shows usage and stats for processors, memory, disks, network, and processes. With this tool installed on your system, you can use it very efficiently for resource usage monitoring.
To check the version of Python running on your Linux distribution, type:
$ python3 --versionAfter installing Bpytop, you can start monitoring your Linux system resources by running the command below:
$ bpytop
Install GlassFish on CentOS 8 - A step by Step guide ?
This article covers how to install the GlassFish application server on CentOS 8. In fact, GlassFish allows developers to create enterprise applications that are portable and scalable, and that integrate with legacy technologies. Also, you will see the best way to define systemd services for running Glassfish server and firewall configurations.
To Start and enable glassfish services, simply run the below command:
$ systemctl start glassfish.service
$ systemctl enable glassfish.serviceTo access Glassfish Server on CentOS / RHEL 8, simply browse the below URL to access Glassfish Admin Console, ignore the certificate warning or install it:
https://SERVER-IP-OR-DOMAIN-NAME:4848/
LDD Command in Linux - How it works ?
This article covers how to use ldd command and how to use in linux command line. In fact, the ldd is a command line tool that prints the shared library dependencies of an executable program or shared library. The ldd command can be useful when wanted to find missing dependencies.
List Loaded Kernel Module Using Lsmod Command - How it works ?
This article covers how to list loaded kernel modules using lsmod command. In fact, lsmod command nicely prints the contents of the /proc/modules. To list the currently loaded kernel modules, execute the below command:
$ lsmod
Install Juju on Linux Mint 20 - Step by step procedure ?
This article covers how you can install Juju on any Linux distribution. In fact, the Juju client is a single binary executable that is published and supported on multiple operating systems and CPU architectures.
To Install Juju on Linux from snap, run the below command:
$ sudo snap install juju --classicTo Install Juju on macOS, run the below command:
$ brew install juju
Install the Antstream Arcade on Linux Mint 20 - A step by step guide ?
This article covers a step by step guide on how to install the Antstream Arcade on a Linux Mint 20 machine. Antstream Arcade is a game streaming service that lets you play arcade, Amiga, Commodore 64, and Spectrum ZX games over the internet, and might hold real appeal to Gen X gamers.
To install Antstream Arcade on Linux Mint, do the following;
1. Enable snapd
On Linux Mint 20, /etc/apt/preferences.d/nosnap.pref needs to be removed before Snap can be installed. This can be accomplished from the command line:
$ sudo rm /etc/apt/preferences.d/nosnap.pref
$ sudo apt update2. snapd can be installed from the command line:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install snapd3. To install Antstream Arcade, simply use the following command:
$ sudo snap install antstream-arcade
Install Ruby on CentOS 8 - A step by step guide ?
This article covers steps to Install Ruby and run ruby applications on your centos 8 machine. In fact, Ruby is a dynamic, object-oriented programming language focused on simplicity and productivity. RVM (Ruby Version Manager) is a tool for installing and managing multiple Ruby versions on single operating systems.
To Verify Active Ruby Version installed on your Linux system, run the below command:
$ ruby --version
Install Gparted on Ubuntu 20.04 - A step by step guide ?
This article covers how to install the Gparted partition editor on Ubuntu 20.04 system. GParted is a free partition editor that permits you to manage your partitions graphically. GParted allows you to copy, resize and move partitions without losing data.
Main features of GParted includes:
- Shrink or increase your C: drive
- Make room for new operating systems to be installed.
- Perform actions on partitions such as creating, deleting, resizing, and moving, checking, copying, pasting, and labeling.
- Tries to recover data from deleted partitions.
- You can also manipulate file systems such as: btrfsm, xfs, exfat, nilfs2, reiserfs / reiser4, lvm2 pv, hfs / hfs+, fat16 / fat32, ext2 / ext3 / ext4, ufs, udf, ntfs, linux-swap.
How To install GParted on Ubuntu ?
1. Open the terminal by pressing 'CTRL+ALT+T' or search it manually in the activities and update the packages list:
$ sudo apt update2. Execute the following command to install GParted on your system:
$ sudo apt install gparted
Deploy Mattermost on Ubuntu 20.04 - A Step by step guide ?
This article covers how to deploy Mattermost on Ubuntu 20.04. Mattermost is an open source collaboration and messaging platform created with security and configurability in mind providing comparable functionality to Discord or Slack. It offers group, threaded and one-to-one messaging, unlimited search history and file sharing capabilities, two-factor authorization and notifications. Mattermost also provides webhooks and bot integration for further customization. It's accessible from every type of modern device due to its responsive web interface and dedicated mobile apps.
Now, you can easily connect with your team on Mattermost using a Desktop client. Even you can add multiple Mattermost servers to single desktop client and collaborate with different team users.
Install Apache Maven on Rocky Linux / CentOS 8 - Follow the steps here ?
This article covers how to install Apache Maven on Rocky Linux. You can now visit the Apache Maven Documentation page to learn how you can get started with managing Java projects with Apache Maven. In fact, Apache Maven Maven is a build automation tool used primarily for Java-based projects, but can also be used to build and manage projects written in C#, Ruby, Scala, and other languages.
Perform Post Deployment Verification in Linux System - How to do it ?
This article covers how to avoid bad circumstances while directly working with Linux servers where a single careless change can take the system down. If you follow the above checklists and fully examine your tests then you will be able to conduct better post-deployment verifications.
Install Timeshift on Debian 10 - Step by Step Procedure ?
This article covers how to install Timeshift on Debian 10 from its stable repositories. Timeshift brings the System Restore feature in Windows or the Time Machine tool in macOS to Linux.
How to Restore Ubuntu, Debian & Linux Mint from Snapshot using Timeshift ?
- To revert your system to Snapshot state, select the Snapshot you want to restore to and click the "Restore" tab on the top menu.
- This will ask you to "Select target device" and options for /boot and /home.
- Timeshift will Perform Dry run before doing the actual restore.
- Confirm Actions to initiate Snapshot restore process.
- Timeshift will start to sync Snapshot files to the root filesystem.
- The system should reboot after the process is completed.
Configure Timeshift on Linux Mint - How to get it done ?
This article covers how to perform backing up and restoring a Linux Mint system using the timeshift tool to ensure that your Linux system data is fully secure with daily, weekly, and monthly backups schedule. In fact, Timeshift is a backup and system restoration utility for Linux operating systems similar to the System Restore feature in Windows operating system. This tool protects the system by taking incremental snapshots of a filesystem at regular intervals.
Install Jupyter Notebook on Ubuntu 20.04 - A step by Step guide ?
This article covers how to install the Jupyter Notebook web application on Ubuntu 20.04. In fact, Jupyter Notebook is easy to install and can be used to streamline numerical simulation, data transformation & cleaning, machine learning, and statistical modeling.
To install Pip, Python, and Python development, simply run the below command:
$ sudo apt-get -y install python3python-pip python-dev
The command above will install the most recent version of Python and Python Pip; a reliable Python package manager that makes it easy to manage the Python packages. In addition, Python Development will be installed.
Install ImageMagick on CentOS 8 - Step by Step process ?
This article covers how to install ImageMagick on the CentOS machine via different methods. Infact, ImageMagick provides a graphical interface for working with images, it also provides commands to resize an image, blur, crop, draw on, flip, join, re-sample, and much more.
Bash Shebang in Linux - An Overview ?
This article covers how to use bash shebang in Linux. In fact, the first line in the scripts starts with the #! characters and the path to the Bash interpreter is called shebang and is used to tell the operating system which interpreter to use to parse the rest of the file.
The #! syntax used in scripts to indicate an interpreter for execution under UNIX / Linux operating systems. Most Linux shell and perl / python script starts with the following line:
#!/bin/bash
OR
#!/usr/bin/perlOR
#!/usr/bin/pythonOR
#!/usr/bin/python3OR
#!/usr/bin/env bashsh is the standard command interpreter for the system. The current version of sh is in the process of being changed to conform with the POSIX 1003.2 and 1003.2a specifications for the shell.
Configure HTTP/2 in Nginx on Ubuntu 20.04 - Best way to do it ?
This article covers how to enable HTTP/2 on the Nginx webserver on Ubuntu 20.04. In fact, the primary focus of HTTP/2 is to reduce overall web page loading time, thus improving performance. It also focuses on network and server resource usage as well as security because, with HTTP/2, SSL/TLS encryption is mandatory.
If the Nginx server is sitting behind a web application firewall, ensure that the web application firewall (WAF) is capable of parsing HTTP/2 traffic.
HTTP/2 protocol main advantage over its predecessor HTTP 1.1 is that it has a higher transfer speed required for content-rich websites.
Ghostscript for Changing the Resolution of a PDF - How to use this tool in Linux Mint System ?
This article covers the step by step guide to install Ghostscript on your Linux system and use it for changing the resolutions of your desired PDFs. You can use Ghostscript command line tool for compressing a PDF file. Most Linux distributions include the open source version of Ghostscript already. However, you can still try to install it just to make sure.
On Debian/Ubuntu based distributions, use the following command to install Ghostscript:
$ sudo apt install ghostscript
Hidden Files and Directories in Ubuntu Linux System - How to create and view them ?
This article covers how to create and view hidden files and directories in Linux via command line and GUI. We also covered how to unhide the files and directories in Linux through a keyboard shortcut, command line, and File Manager. In fact, Linux, by default, hides many of the sensitive system files. Hidden files are usually system or application files, concealed to prevent accidental changes.
Automatic Kernel Updates on Linux - How to Configure it ?
This article covers the procedure on how to set up automatic kernel updates on Linux. In fact, Applying security updates to the Linux kernel is a simple process that can be done with tools like apt, yum, or kexec.
For organizations with more than a few servers, live patching is the best option. It is an automatic way to fix the Linux kernel while the server is running, making it more efficient and safer than manual methods.
Redirect Stderr to Stdout in Bash - How to get it done ?
This article covers how to redirect stderr to stdout in Bash. When redirecting the output of a command to a file or piping it to another command, you might notice that the error messages are printed on the screen. In Bash and other Linux shells, when a program is executed, it uses three standard I/O streams. Here, A file descriptor is just a number representing an open file. The input stream provides information to the program, generally by typing in the keyboard. The program output goes to the standard input stream and the error messages goes to the standard error stream. By default, both input and error streams are printed on the screen.
More about Loaded Kernel Modules and How to List their Information on a Linux Mint 20 System
This article covers how loaded kernel modules works in Linux. The kernel of a Linux system is the core that everything else in the operating system relies on. The functionality of the kernel can be extended by adding modules to it. As such, a user can fine tune their kernel settings by enabling or disabling modules. Now, you can list the information of these loaded kernel modules on your system's terminal.
How to Check Hardware Information on Ubuntu Graphically Using hardinfo
This article covers how to check the hardware information on your Linux system graphically using the hardinfo tool. In fact, a linux system is consists of different types of hardware such as processor, RAM, hard disk, network cards, etc. Linux provides various tools to check the details of these hardware parts.
You can launch hardinfo tool from the terminal by using the below command:
$ hardinfo
Install Tilix Terminal Emulator in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
This article covers tilix features and different ways to install tilix on Ubuntu Linux system. In fact, we mentioned a few usages of the tilix which are very much highlighting and should have been present in a standard terminal emulator.
How to Install Tilix Terminal Emulator on Linux ?
Open terminal and execute the below commands:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt-get install tilix
11 Strace Command with Examples in Linux
This article covers strace utility tool and when It can be used. In fact, you will see how to use strace commands to troubleshoot and debug system calls and processes.
Also, Strace monitors the system calls and signals of a specific program. It is helpful when you do not have the source code and would like to debug the execution of a program. strace provides you the execution sequence of a binary from start to end.
Install Hugo on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers steps to install Hugo on your Linux Mint system. In fact, Hugo is an open-source static website generator designed for small projects and informative sites.
How to Install Hugo Using The Apt-get Utility ?
1. The first thing when installing Hugo using the apt-get is updating your server’s apt index:
$ sudo apt-getupdate2. Once the package index is updated, run the command below to install Hugo:
$ sudo apt-get install hugo3. Hugo will be installed automatically on your server. To check the Hugo version installed, run the command below:
$ sudo hugo version
Restore a Deleted File on Linux - How to do this with TestDisk on Linux Mint system?
This article covers how to recover the file in a few minutes using TestDisk on Linux systems. Deleting files is unavoidable as everyone likes to work in a decluttered and organized system. Whenever we delete something from our system, it does not actually get deleted, till that space gets overwritten by something else in the disk.
What TestDisk tool can do on your Linux System:
- Rebuild NTFS boot sectors.
- Recover FAT32 boot sectors.
- Recover deleted partitions and fix errors in route tables.
- Locate blocks ext2, ext3 and ext4.
- Copy files from deleted partitions from FAT, exFAT, NTFS and ext2 file systems.
Exclude in Grep Command in Linux - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to exclude in grep. In fact, grep is a powerful command-line tool that is used to search one or more input files for lines that match a regular expression and writes each matching line to standard output.
Install Django on Alma Linux | Rocky Linux - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Django on Alma Linux | Rocky Linux. In fact, Django is the most popular Python web framework designed to help developers build secure, scalable, and maintainable web applications.
How to Install Python on Debian 10 Buster ?
1. Before we install any software, it's important to make sure your system is up to date by running the following apt commands in the terminal:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade2. Install Python and necessary dependencies.
Now install Python dependencies on your system using the following command:
$ sudo apt install python3 python3-pip tree3. Confirm the Python installation and check the Python version by typing the following command:
$ pip3 -V
Control File Content in Debian 10 Buster Linux Server
This article covers how to efficiently use both diff and patch programs which help a Linux server admin to control their files and make new files when things go wrong. In fact, The grep command, which stands for global regular expression print, is one of the most versatile commands in a Linux terminal environment. It is an immensely powerful program that allows the user to sort input according to complex rules, which makes it a rather popular link in numerous command chains. The grep command is primarily used to search text or any file for lines that contain a match to the specified words/strings. By default, grep displays the matched lines, and it can be used to search for lines of text that match a regular expression(s), and it outputs only the matched lines.
Manage Linux File System on Ubuntu Linux Server
This article covers how to keep check and balance on your file system. Ext4 is the default file system on most Linux distributions for a reason. It's an improved version of the older Ext3 file system. It's not the most cutting-edge file system, but that's good: It means Ext4 is rock-solid and stable.
If you're setting up partitions on your main Linux boot drive, you'll also want to create a swap partition of at least a few GBs in size when setting up those partitions. This partition is used for "swap space". It's similar to the paging file on Windows. Linux swaps out memory to the swap space when its RAM is full. This partition must be formatted as "swap" instead of with a particular file system.
Install NetBeans on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the Installation process of NetBeans IDE on a Linux Mint 20 system. In fact, NetBeans is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) application mainly used by developers to create applications using Java and other programming architectures like PHP and C++.
Features of NetBeans IDE includes:
- A drag and drop GUI design tool for rapid UI development.
- A feature-rich code editor with code templates & refactoring tools.
- Integration tools such as GIT and mercurial.
- Support for the latest Java technologies.
- A rich set of community plugins.
Find DHCP Server IP Address in Linux Using CLI - Step by Step guide ?
This article covers the different ways of finding the IP address of your DHCP server in a Linux system. We have already dealth with how to install and configure DHCP server on Linux.
Linux System IP Scanning commands:
Scanning for IP address lets you have better control over your network. With a few commands, you can quickly map out the devices in your network and the IP addresses that they are using.
- ipconfig: This command displays all network settings assigned to one or all adapters in the computer. You can find information such as your own IP, subnet, and Gateway. For Linux and MacOS is "ifconfig".
- arp -a: When you issue the "arp -a", you’ll get IP-address-to-mac conversion and the allocation type (whether dynamic or static) of all devices in your network.
- Ping: It helps determine connectivity between two hosts and find the IP address of a hostname.
Install Rust on Linux System - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the step by step Installation procedure of Rust on Linux. Now you can write rust programs on Linux. In fact, The Rust programming language, more commonly known as rust-lang, is a powerful general-purpose programming language.
Developed by Mozilla and designed by Graydon Hoare, Rust programming language is syntactically similar to C++.
We can verify from the terminal for the version of the Rust programming language installed on our system. To do so, we enter this in our terminal:
$ rustc --version
Install VidCutter on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install VidCutter on a Linux Mint 20 machine. In fact, VidCutter is a cross-platform video cutting or trimmer software for Linux.
Features of VidCutter video editor:
- Open source Software.
- Cross-platform app available for Linux, Windows and MacOS.
- Supports most of the common video formats such as: AVI, MP4, MPEG 1/2, WMV, MP3, MOV, 3GP, FLV etc.
- Simple interface.
- Trims and merges the videos.
Limit the SSH Access with UFW on Linux Mint 20 - Best way to do it ?
This article covers how to define a new UFW rule for limiting SSH access on your Linux Mint 20 system. In fact, UFW, short for "uncomplicated firewall", is a frontend for the more complex iptables utility. It's designed to make managing a firewall as simple as setting ports to be open and closed, and regulating what traffic is allowed to go through.
How to install UFW on Ubuntu / Debian ?
UFW is installed by default in Ubuntu, but if it's not you can install it from apt:
$ sudo apt-get install ufwIf you're running another distro, you'll have to use that distro's package manager, but UFW is widely available. You can check the status of the firewall with:
$ sudo ufw status
Check Ubuntu Version from the Command Line
This article covers the different methods to check the Ubuntu Version by the terminal. While working with the system, we need to install multiple third-party software, which is available for version-specific. In that case, you need to find the Ubuntu version you are using.
The lsb-release is the standard package for reporting the version on Ubuntu systems. Which is basically written in the Python programming language. It provides lsb_release command-line tool to check Ubuntu version and other useful details.
Install Anaconda on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers step by step procedure for the installation of Anaconda on Ubuntu OS. In fact, Anaconda is designed to provide scientific libraries and dependencies in the Python programming language. It is a package manager used in scientific computing and data science.
Install CUDA on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install CUDA on Ubuntu 20.04.
To install CUDA on Ubuntu, execute the following commands:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install nvidia-cuda-toolkitTo Check your CUDA version, run the below command:
$ nvcc --version
Install Inkscape on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers Inkscape is an open source cross-platform vector graphics editor for Linux, Windows and Mac OS X. Inkscape basically supports SVG file generation and editing and supports PNG, OpenDocument Drawing, DXF, sk1, PDF, EPS and PostScript export formats. It comes with Color selector, Color picker, gradient editor, Pattern fills, Dashed strokes and Path markers.
How to Install Inkscape vector graphics editor on Ubuntu ?
1. You can download and Inkscape from the ubuntu software center or install it from the command line by adding its PPA. To install Inkscape via command line, open the terminal app and type and enter the below command:
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:inkscape.dev/stable2. Then run the below command to update your system:
$ sudo apt-get update3. Now, run the below command to install Inkscape on Ubuntu:
$ sudo apt-get install inkscape
Install MariaDB on Rocky Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers step-by-step installation procedure of the MariaDB server on Rocky Linux 8. In fact, MariaDB was developed as a "drop-in" replacement for MySQL. As such, both software packages are functionally equivalent and interchangeable.
To enable MariaDB service to start on boot time and start the service using the following commands:
$ sudo systemctl enable mariadb
$ sudo systemctl start mariadbTo verify the running status of MariaDB, run the below command:
$ sudo systemctl status mariadb
Install Cacti on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers step by step procedure for installing the Cacti monitoring tool on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. In fact, Cacti is a free and open-source RRD tool-based network monitoring tool that monitors network devices such as servers, routers, and switches. Cacti uses the SNMP protocol to gather data from remote systems. Data gathered is then stored in a MySQL database.
One of the most essential tasks that any IT operation team has to keep in mind is continuous monitoring of their IT infrastructure. The concept of monitoring ensures that systems such as servers are functioning and working as desired.
Install Duplicity on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install the free backup software duplicity on the CentOS 8 system. Now you will be able to maintain your critical data backups and prevent data loss. In fact, Duplicity is backup tool used to create Bandwidth-efficient and Encrypted backup in Linux based distributions. To connect to a file server for storing backup ssh, scp and sftp protocols are preferable methods, then rsync and ftp used for local file access.
Umask Command in Linux - Overview
This article covers how to use UMASK in the Linux system. On Linux operating systems, new files are created with a default set of permissions. Specifically, a new file's permissions may be restricted in a specific way by applying a permissions "mask" called the umask. The umask command is used to set this mask, or to show you its current value.
Route Command in Linux with examples
This article covers how to use the route command in a Linux system with examples. Linux provides the ip route command in order to manage the routing table. The routing table is used to set routes for different destination IP addresses. Even there is a default route in most of the cases which are used to sent IP packets to the other networks we may need to add new routes via the command-line interface by using the ip route add command.
Important Linux commands:
- arp — Manipulate the system ARP cache.
- ifconfig — View or modify the configuration of network interfaces.
- ip — Display and manipulate information about routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels.
- netstat — Print information about network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships.
Fix the Error "Unable to Launch Cinnamon-Session-Cinnamon" in Linux Mint 20
This article covers steps to resolve the "cinnamon not found" error on a Linux Mint 20 machine.
To fix this error, simply do the following:
1. Boot to the Linux mint version.
2. Wait for the login screen and login.
3. Get the error? Click ok.
4. Get the black screen? Type CTRL-Alt F1
5. Get the prompt?
6. Login with your name and password.
7. Install cinnamon by running the following commands:
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install nemo
$ sudo apt-get install cinnamon
$ reboot
Top 11 Free and Open-Source Linux Distributions for Hacking
This article covers the best free and open-source Linux distributions that provide the most efficient and capable platform to learn and perform ethical hacking tasks such as BackBox, Kali Linux, Fedora Security Lab, Parrot OS, BlackArch Linux, and Dracos Linux. Choosing the best OS for Hacking & penetration testing is a good sign to learn ethical hacking and Penetration testing concepts to enhance your skills and protecting the enterprise assets from cybercriminals.
Install LAMP Stack on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install the LAMP stack on the CentOS system. If are using another Linux distribution, visit how to install LAMP stack on Debian, Ubuntu, Red Hat, and Rocky Linux. Basically, A LAMP stack is a collection of open-source software that you can use as a platform to create websites and web applications. The term LAMP is an acronym standing for Linux operating system, the Apache HTTP Server, the MySQL database system, and the PHP programming language.
In LAMP:
- Linux serves as the server's operating system that handles all the commands on the machine.
- Apache is a web server software that manages HTTP requests to deliver your website's content.
- MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) whose function is to maintain user's data on a server.
- PHP is a scripting language for server-side communication.
Open an Image in Linux Mint 20 Terminal
This article covers different ways of opening an image in Linux Mint 20 terminal.
To install ImageMagick on Debian or Ubuntu, run the following command:
$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install imagemagick
Install Webmin on Rocky Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers steps to Install and configure Webmin on Rocky Linux 8 using the automated installation script. Webmin web interface is used to set up user and disk management, Apache, DNS, PHP, MySQL, check CPU usage, system info, network config, and more.
How to Install Webmin using RPM package ?
It is also possible to install Webmin using the rpm package available on the download page of Webmin. This is the quickest way to get Webmin up and running on your Linux machine.
1. Install dependencies
Since Webmin is written in Perl, you need to install Perl and its dependencies:
$ sudo dnf install perl perl-Net-SSLeay perl-Data-Dumper perl-Encode-Detect2. Download and Install Webmin RPM package
This will install the latest version of Webmin using the rpm package:
$ sudo dnf install https://www.webmin.com/download/rpm/webmin-current.rpmHow to uninstall Webmin ?
You can simply uninstall Webmin using the script /etc/webmin/uninstall.sh.
SS Command in Linux with examples
This article covers how to use the ss Command on Linux. In fact, the ss command is a modern replacement for the classic netstat. You can use it on Linux to get statistics about your network connections.
ss displays statistics for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Unix (interprocess), and raw sockets. Raw sockets operate at the network OSI level, which means TCP and UDP headers have to be handled by the application software, not by the transport layer. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) messages and the ping utility both use raw sockets.
Cut command in Linux with examples
This article covers the procedures in which to use the cut command in Linux system. In fact, the cut command in UNIX is a command line utility for cutting sections from each line of files and writing the result to standard output. It can be used to cut parts of a line by byte position, character and delimiter. It can also be used to cut data from file formats like CSV.
Restart Bluetooth in Ubuntu 20.04 - How to do it ?
This article covers methods to install, configure, enable and then restart the Bluetooth service in the Ubuntu system. From time to time when you are using Ubuntu Linux and you want to use your Bluetooth headset to watch Netflix or YouTube videos you may experience some problems with the Bluetooth connection on Linux.
How to fix the issue "Bluetooth isn't available" when you wake up the system ?
When you put your system to sleep, there are chances Bluetooth won’t be available when you wake it up. In order to make everything work fine as before in most cases you will need to restart the system.
In order to fix this issue, we need to launch the Terminal and check whether we have the 4.48 version of Bluez. You can easily do that with this command:
$ dpkg --status bluez | grep '^Version:'When you see the results, use the following commands to update to the latest version:
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bluetooth/bluez
$ sudo apt-get updateAfter these commands, you will be able to update the Buez using:
$ sudo apt upgradeHow to fix the issue "Bluetooth headset won't play in A2DP (High Fidelity)" ?
In order to fix this issue, you will need to make your system detect the right type of Bluetooth device by adding a simple configuration file.
1. First, let's check whether we have all the dependencies installed:
$ sudo apt install pulseaudio pulseaudio-utils pavucontrol pulseaudio-module-bluetooth2. When we verify it, we need to create or edit this audio config file:
$ sudo gedit /etc/bluetooth/audio.confThen, Include the next lines:
This section contains general options
[General]
Enable=Source,Sink,Media,Socket3. Finally, save the file and start the Bluetooth service again:
$ sudo service bluetooth restart
Install UTorrent in Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install uTorrent via the command line on Ubuntu 20.04 system. µTorrent provides clients for Windows and macOS X, however it is installed as a server in Ubuntu Linux and provides a web UI for managing downloads.
Install PanWriter on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers steps to install PanWriter on a Linux Mint 20 system. Once you have this tool installed on your Linux system, you can conveniently use it for content creation and editing with an added level of ease and satisfaction.
How to Install PanWriter on Ubuntu ?
Open the terminal and use the following command:
$ sudo snap install panwriter
Check Link Speed in Ubuntu 20.04 - Best Method ?
This article covers different methods to determine the link speed of IP networks in Ubuntu. The link speed in a basic network refers to the maximum speed that a device can communicate with the wireless router. The link speed is expressed in bits/second and may vary depending on the device and the wireless access point.
Install Kubectl on Linux Mint 20 - Best Method ?
This article covers how you can install Kubectl on your Linux system and use it to operate your Kubernetes clusters if you are fond of using the command-line interfaces. Infact, Kubectl tool is very efficient in terms of cluster management and application deployment.
Kubectl is a command-line tool for Kubernetes. It allows us to execute Kubernetes operations via the API. We can use Kubectl to deploy apps, check logs as well as manage all the other resources of the cluster.
Kubernetes uses an HTTP-based REST API which is the actual Kubernetes user interface employed to manage it. This means that every Kubernetes operation is represented as an API endpoint and can be carried out based on an HTTP-request sent to the endpoint.
Install Converseen on Linux Mint 20 - Best procedure ?
This article covers how you can easily perform the Installation of Converseen batch image processor on your Linux Mint 20 system. With the help of this software, you can edit or rename a single or even multiple images very easily.
How to Install Converseen batch image processor on Linux ?
1. You can search for it in your distribution's software center.
2. You may, of course, use your distribution’s package manager to install it via command line.
On Debian and Ubuntu-based distributions, use:
$ sudo apt install converseenOn Fedora, use:
$ sudo dnf install converseenOn Arch and Manjaro, use:
$ sudo pacman -Sy converseen
Top 7 Free and Open-Source Security Tools
This article covers the best open source security tools for Linux and other leading platforms such as MISP, Privacy Badger, Clam Antivirus, AIRCRACK-NG, Wireshark, Archery, and Anchore. Basically, these security tool comes with extraordinary security features that ensure network and operating system’s reliability and provides an insight into the vulnerability state.
Top 7 Free and Open-Source Linux Distributions for Privacy and Anonymity
This article covers best functioning, free and open-source Linux distributions that provide privacy and anonymity such as Qubes, Tails, Kali, Discreete, Parrot, Whonix, and BlackArch. The good thing about Linux is that it has got a distribution for (almost) everyone’s needs. Privacy is not an exception. There are Linux distributions specifically focused on privacy. These privacy-focused Linux distributions provide you with tools and configurations to escape electronic surveillance, hide your digital footprints and retain your anonymity from advertisers, data gatherers, etc.
Top 11 OSINT Tools for Penetration Testing
This article covers the most popular and top 11 OSINT tools that are best for penetration testing. Basically, the purpose of these tests are to get more insights about the network and an operating system's health. They include Maltego, Google Dorks, Shodan, theHarvester, Recon-Ng, spiderfoot, TinEye, Check Usernames, HaveIbeenPwned, Censys and BuiltWith.
Truncate Command in Linux with examples
This article covers how to use the truncate command in Linux. The safest method to empty a log file in Linux is by using the truncate command. Truncate command is used to shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size.
Uniq Command in Linux with examples
This article covers how to use the uniq command in Linux. In fact, the uniq command reports or filters out repeated lines in a file. uniq filters out adjacent, matching lines from input file INPUT, writing the filtered data to output file OUTPUT. A matching line is "adjacent" if it's immediately before or after another matching line.
Related Linux commands:
- comm — Compare two sorted files line by line.
- pack — Compress files using a Huffman algorithm.
- pcat — Print the uncompressed contents of a compressed file.
- sort — Sort the lines in a text file.
- uncompress — Extract files from compressed archives.
Configure and Use Git on Debian - Best Procedure ?
This article covers steps to install and configure Git on a Debian 10 server. As one of the most popular version control systems currently available, Git is a common choice among open-source and other collaborative software projects. Many project's files are maintained in a Git repository, and sites like GitHub, GitLab, and Bitbucket help to facilitate software development project sharing and collaboration.
How to install Git on Debian / Ubuntu Linux System ?
1. Use the apt package management tools to update your local package index and then download and install Git:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install git2. You can confirm that you have installed Git correctly by running the following command:
$ git --version
Search Your Files or Directories With Find Command in Linux Mint
This article covers how you can use the Find command to search and perform different operations efficiently. In fact, the Linux find command is a powerful tool that enables system administrators to locate and manage files and directories based on a wide range of search criteria. It can find directories and files by their name, their type, or extension, size, permissions, etc.
Check CPU is 64/32 Bit in Linux System
This article covers different ways to check CPU is 64/32 Bit in Linux System. As a system administrator and IT professional, it is very important to know whether the system's CPU architecture is 32 bit or 64 bit.
To test whether your Linux computer has a 32-bit or 64-bit CPU and to see what version of Linux is installed, open your terminal, type the following command at the prompt, and then hit Enter:
$ lscpuHow to Determine if the Linux kernel is 32-bit or 64-bit ?
Using the uname command, you can determine if your Linux kernel is 32-bit or 64-bit by running the command below:
uname -a
Install PHP 8.0 on Rocky Linux 8 - Best Procedure ?
This article covers steps to install PHP 8.0 in Rocky Linux. PHP is used to develop static or dynamic websites or web applications. Many popular CMS such as WordPress, Magento, and Joomla is written in PHP. Frameworks such as Laravel, Symfony, and CodeIgniter is also using PHP.
To list the available PHP version on your Linux terminal, run the command:
$ sudo dnf module list phpTo verify PHP version, simply run the command:
$ php -v To install PHP packages and dependencies, run the command:
$ sudo apt install php php-cli php-fpm php-json php-common php-mysql php-zip php-gd php-mbstring php-curl php-xml php-pear php-bcmathHow to Install PHP 7.4 on Ubuntu ?
Installing PHP 7.4 on Ubuntu 19.04/18.04 is a bit different than 20.04. 1. To get started, update apt and add the required repositories:
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt -y install software-properties-common
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php
$ sudo apt-get update2. And begin the install.
$ sudo apt install php7.43. After the install is complete, you can check the version that is installed and in use.
$ php -v
An Overview of Source Command in Linux with Examples ?
This article covers how to use the source command in Linux. source reads and executes commands from file filename in the current shell. If filename does not contain a slash, directories in PATH are searched for filename.
Using source to execute the commands in a file is not the same as running a script. For one thing, the file does not need to be executable (e.g., with chmod u+x). For another, the commands will execute in the current shell environment; for example, any variables set will retain their value after the source is finished executing.
Source Command Syntax
The source command uses the following syntax:
$ source [filename] [arguments]Where:
- [filename]: The name or path to the file you want the source command to execute.
- [arguments]: Any arguments you provide become positional parameters when the file is executed.
Install PgAdmin 4 on Rocky Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how you can Install and easily get started with PgAdmin4 for your Linux system. pgAdmin is an advanced, open-source, full-featured, and web-based administration and management tool for the PostgreSQL database server.
Hwinfo Command in Linux - An Overview ?
This article covers how to use the hwinfo command in Linux. hwinfo command reports information about CPU, RAM, keyboard, mouse, graphics card, sound, storage, network interface, disk, partition, bios, and bridge, etc,.
The hwinfo utility displays the following information:
- CPU : manufacturer, model, frequency
- Motherboard : manufacturer, model, BIOS version, on-board controller
- RAM : RAM size, RAM type (FP, EDO, SDRAM, DDRAM)
- Hard disk controller : SCSI, IDE, on-board/card, model, BIOS version, chipset
- Hard disks : type, manufacturer, model, size, bus system (SCSI, IDE), partitioning
- CD-ROM drives : type, manufacturer, model, speed, internal/external, parallel port?
- Other media : CD writer, streamer (model, manufacturer, SCSI/EIDE/floppy streamer, capacity), ZIP drives, Jaz drives, MO drives, flopticals
- Graphics card : model, manufacturer, chipset, memory (DRAM, VRAM), memory size
- Other peripherals : printer, parallel ports, serial ports, modem, ISDN card
Install AnyDesk on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step guide ?
This article covers how to install AnyDesk on your Linux system which can be used as a remote desktop application for interacting with different devices and controlling them remotely. Anydesk application can be installed on Windows, Linux and macOS.
Install TensorFlow on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the installation procedure of TensorFlow on CentOS 8 system. TensorFlow is a machine learning platform by Google. It is basically an open source and has a huge number of tools, libraries and other resources developed by both its developer community as well as Google and other corporations.
TensorFlow is available for all the popularly used operating systems, viz. Windows, Mac OS, GNU/Linux. It can be downloaded and installed from either Python Package Index using the pip tool and can be run in a virtual python environment. Another way to use it is to install it as a Docker container.
Install Trimage on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the best method to install the Trimage software on a Linux Mint 20 system. Basically, this tool is very helpful for performing lossless image compressions hence guaranteeing high quality images even in a compressed format.
To install Trimage software From the terminal in Linux,
1. The Trimage image compressor is available in the official repositories of practically all GNU / Linux distributions and it can be easily installed using the command line, using the corresponding command:
$ sudo apt update; sudo apt install trimage2. Check the version number of Trimage Installed:
$ trimage --version3. Now for launch the program from the terminal, we will only have to write in the terminal:
$ trimage
Install Timeshift on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Procedure ?
This article covers how to install Timeshift utility on Linux Mint system. Timeshift help in creating the backups of your precious data. Also,it is a fabulous tool that is used for the backup & restoration of the Linux operating system, it takes incremental backup after the first initial complete backup. TImeshit creates filesystem snapshots using Rsync or BTRFS. It has a nice GUI as well as support for CLI.
Install Syncthing on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers a step by step guide on how to Install Syncthing on Linux Mint. Once this tool is installed on your system, you can readily use it for synchronizing your files within or across your network. Basically, Whenever you create, modify, or delete any data on one Syncthing machine it will automatically be replicated to other servers.
To verify the version of Syncthing Installed on the system, run the following command:
$ syncthing --versionFeatures of Syncthing file synchronization:
- It is easy to use through a cli and GUI through Synchthing-GTK.
- Its data syncing fully automatic – Low interaction.
- Synthing strives to be safe from data loss – Ensures no corruption on user's files.
- It is universally available – Runs on both Windows and Linux.
Install and Play Tetris on Ubuntu Linux System
This article covers different ways to Install Tetris on any Linux distribution.
To Install Tetris on your Ubuntu / Debian System:
1. Get your System updated and Ready for Installing Tetris clone Tint on it:
$ sudo apt update2. Install the Available Variation of Tetris on your System:
$ sudo apt install tint3. Launch Tint - Tetris like game - within your System's Terminal:
$ tint
Install Tor Browser on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install and configure the latest Tor browser version on LinuxMint 20 system. In fact, now using the tor browser, you can browse privately and securely and visit all websites blocked by your ISP providers.
How to install Tor on Ubuntu 21.04 ?
1. We access the terminal in Ubuntu 21.04 and install Tor with the following command:
$ sudo apt install tor 2. Install the browser itself with the following command:
$ sudo apt install torbrowser-launcher How to Remove Tor browser from Debian / Ubuntu / Linux Mint ?
If you are not happy with the Tor browser (installed via APT), you can remove it using the command below:
$ sudo apt purge torbrowser-launcherIf you installed it using Flatpak via software center, you can easily uninstall it from there. If you installed it from terminal, type in the following command:
$ flatpak uninstall com.github.micahflee.torbrowser-launcher
Rkhunter for Scanning Backdoors, Rootkits, and Local Exploits in Your Ubuntu Linux System - How to use it ?
This article covers an easy procedure to install rkhunter, configure, scan the system and view log to identify actual backdoor, rootkits, and local exploits. In fact, Rkhunter (Rootkit Hunter) is an open-source Unix/Linux based scanner tool for Linux systems released under GPL that scans backdoors, rootkits, and local exploits on your systems. It scans hidden files, wrong permissions set on binaries, suspicious strings in the kernel, and so on.
To scan the entire Linux file system, run the Rkhunter command as a root user:
$ rkhunter --check
Install PHP 8.0 on Debian / Linux Mint - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install PHP 8.0 on Debian 10. To verify the installed version of PHP, use the php command below:
$ php -v
How to install PHP 7.x extensions ?
The following syntax is used to install PHP 7.x extensions:
$ sudo apt-get install php7.x-extensionor
$ sudo apt-get install php-extensionTo install the most commonly used PHP 7.x extensions by running the command in the terminal:
for PHP 7.4,
$ sudo apt-get install php7.4-mysql php7.4-mbstring php7.4-xml php7.4-bcmath php7.4-curl php7.4-gd php7.4-zipfor PHP 7.3,
$ sudo apt-get install php7.3-mysql php7.3-mbstring php7.3-xml php7.3-bcmath php7.3-curl php7.3-gd php7.3-zipfor PHP 7.2,
$ sudo apt-get install php7.2-mysql php7.2-mbstring php7.2-xml php7.2-bcmath php7.2-curl php7.2-gd php7.2-zipfor PHP 7.1,
$ sudo apt-get install php7.1-mysql php7.1-mbstring php7.1-xml php7.1-bcmath php7.1-curl php7.1-gd php7.1-zipfor PHP 7.0,
$ sudo apt-get install php7.0-mysql php7.0-mbstring php7.0-xml php7.0-bcmath php7.0-curl php7.0-gd php7.0-zip
Linux IP Command with Examples - An overview ?
This article covers the practical use cases of the Linux IP command. IP stands for Internet Protocol. IP command is used to show or manipulate routing, devices, and tunnels. It is similar to ifconfig command but it is much more powerful with more functions and facilities attached to it. It can perform several other tasks like configuring and modifying the default and static routing, setting up tunnel over IP, listing IP addresses and property information, modifying the status of the interface, assigning, deleting and setting up IP addresses and routes.
Linux system commands:
- arp — Manipulate the system ARP cache.
- ifconfig — View or modify the configuration of network interfaces.
- netstat — Print information about network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships.
- route — Display and manipulate the IP routing table.
- tcpdump — Capture raw network traffic.
How to use "sed" Command to Delete a Single Line and Multiple Lines in Linux Mint 20 ?
This article covers the different ways you can use the "sed" command in Linux Mint 20. Sed command or Stream Editor is very powerful utility offered by Linux/Unix systems. It is mainly used for text substitution , find & replace but it can also perform other text manipulations like insertion, deletion, search etc.
Top 7 Free and Best Open-Source Help Desk Management Software
Help desk management software solutions help organizations and companies streamline their query management procedures and related tasks. The help desk team instead of answering calls throughout the day, install and implement these solutions that create, track, and manages the query tickets. Thereby offering a prompt solution and response to both the questioner and responder. The Help Desk software solutions discussed in the article are OTRS, osTicket, GLPi, Mantis Bug Tracker, Sinergia, AdefHelpDesk, and Liberum.
Install and Use Logwatch on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Guide ?
This article covers how to install and use Logwatch on Ubuntu Linux System. Logwatch is a system log analyzer and send that report to email. It generates a summarized log report which contains sshd - authentication failures, sudo - sessions opened, vsftp failures, postfix, failed logins, disk space and more. To find more information, visit the Logwatch man page.
Logwatch can be installed simply from the Ubuntu repository. First update the system.
$ sudo apt-get updateTo install Logwatch, execute the command:
$ apt-get install logwatch
Install or Enable Cockpit on AlmaLinux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how you can install and get started with the Cockpit web-administration tool for monitoring system statistics, metrics, and overall health. The cockpit is accessed through a web browser and its dashboard gives you a peek of your server's health alongside other system statistics such as network usage, disk space, and utilization, current users, system uptime, running processes, and system logs.
Monitor System Resources with Glances on Ubuntu 20.04 - How to do it ?
This article covers how to install and get started with the Glances monitoring tool on Ubuntu.
To view more help, you can use the glances –help command.
By default, Glances is included in the Ubuntu default repository. You can install it with the following command:
$ apt-get install glances -yAfter installing Glances, verify the installed version of Glances using the following command:
$ glances --versionGlances monitors and display the information about:
- RAM, Swap, and free memory usage.
- Average CPU load of the system.
- Total active and sleeping processes.
- Disk I/O.
- Display file system space.
- Display current date and time.
Install Kong API Gateway on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install the KONG API Gateway on Ubuntu 20.04. These Gateways provides services like Authentication, rate-limiting, analysis, logging etc., to your API endpoints.
To Start kong API, run the following commands:
$ kong migrations up #runs the database migrations
$ sudo kong start
$ curl -i http://localhost:8001To Stop and see status of kong API, run the following commands:
$ sudo kong stop #stop kong
$ sudo kong health #kong status
Install ROS Noetic on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install ROS Noetic on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. ROS (Robot Operating System) is an open-source project that provides a framework and tools for robotics applications. It helps to design complex software without knowing how certain hardware works.
Add and Remove Users in Debian 10 system - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how you can easily remove or add a new user to your Debian 10 system. One of the most basic tasks that you should know how to do on a fresh Linux server is add and remove users.
In order to add and delete users on Debian, you need to have sudo rights, or to belong to the sudo group.
To check your sudo rights, run the following command:
$ sudo -vIf no error messages appear, you are good to go, otherwise ask your system administrator to provide you with sudo rights.
How to add a user using useradd ?
Run the following command:
$ sudo useradd <username>To assign a password to the user, you can use the -p flag but it is not recommended as other users will be able to see the password.
To assign a password to a user, use the passwd command:
$ sudo passwd <username>
About Chpasswd Command in Linux - An Overview ?
This article covers how to use the chpasswd command in Linux.
Install TeamViewer on AlmaLinux 8 / Rocky Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to easily install TeamViewer on AlmaLinux 8. With TeamViewer you can control computer systems running Linux, Windows and Mac OS remotely as if you were sitting right in front of that system. It also provides a spontaneous support to unattended computers such as servers.
Install and Configure Log with Graylog in Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers to install and configuren Graylog in ubuntu. With this, you can work with the log using the Graylog server. Graylog is an open-source tool that offers an integrated platform for collecting, indexing, and analyzing log data. The system essentially consists of the Graylog web interface, the Graylog servers, the Elasticsearch nodes, and a Mongo database.
How to Access Graylog Web interface ?
Open a browser on your local system or remote that can access the Ubuntu 20.04 server Ip-address. And type the http://your-server-ipaddress:9000
Replace your-server-ip-address with the actual IP address of your Server where Graylog has been installed.
Df Command in Linux - How is works ?
This article covers how to use the df command in Linux. You can use the df command when you need to know how much space is available on a particular file system or to see an overview of mounted files systems.
If you want to display all the file system, use -a option:
df -a
Options for df command includes:
- -a, –all : includes pseudo, duplicate and inaccessible file systems.
- -B, –block-size=SIZE : scales sizes by SIZE before printing them.
- -h, –human-readable : print sizes in power of 1024.
- -H, –si: print sizes in power of 1000.
- -i, –inodes : list inode information instead of block usage.
- -l, –local : limit listing to local file systems.
- -P, –portability : use POSIX output format.
- –sync : invoke sync before getting usage info.
- –total : elide all entries insignificant to available space, and produce grand total.
- -t, –type=TYPE : limit listing to file systems of type TYPE.
- -T, –print-type : print file system type.
Install NtopNG on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers easy steps to install the NtopNG utility on your Linux Mint 20 system. Once it is installed on your system, you can start using it for network traffic monitoring after configuring it according to the specifications of your machine.
To check whether NtopNG is installed or not, run the command:
$ systemctl status ntopngTo start NtopNG service, execute the command:
$ systemctl start ntopng
Top 7 Best Free SSL Certificate Services
This article covers a detailed review of the leading SSL certificate provision services in the market. Many SSL certificate providers offer brilliant security and privacy-related services but at a hefty cost. However, in this article, we discuss the SSL certificate providers that offer their World Wide Web protection services either for free or offer free trials so that users can acquaint themselves with the services to make the best decisions for their products, or their organizations. Let's Encrypt and SSL For Free offer free SSL certification for all, whereas Comodo, Cloudfare, HubSpot, GeoTrust, and GoDaddy offer free trials varying between the free trial periods ranging from 14 days for up to 30 days.
Website security is a top concern for site owners and visitors alike. If your site isn't secure, people won’t feel safe browsing, purchasing, making clicks, or entering any information on your pages.
Update Firmware on Ubuntu Using fwupd - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to update firmware on Ubuntu using fwupd. Fwupd aims to make firmware update on Linux systems automatic, safe, and reliable. It is mainly used to update UEFI firmware. There are many companies that already support native firmware updates such as Dell, Lenovo, HP, Intel, and System76.
To Install fwupd on Ubuntu, run the following command:
$ sudo apt install fwupdTo download and apply all updates for your system use the update option:
$ fwupdmgr update
Install Node.JS on Rocky Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the Installation process of NodeJS on Rocky Linux. Nodejs is a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine and is designed to build scalable network applications.
Install and Use Logwatch on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install the Logwatch utility on your Linux server. With Logwatch, you will be able to keep an eye on your server logs and hence, you can quickly figure out any possible issues.
You can easily customize Logwatch to your preference by modifying the parameters in the /etc/logwatch/conf path. It also provides something extra in the way of pre-written PERL scripts for making log parsing easier.
All the default settings are defined in the /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/logwatch.conf file. The recommended practice is to leave this file intact and instead create your own configuration file at the /etc/logwatch/conf/ path by copying the original config file and then define your custom settings.
Logwatch comes with a tiered approach and there are 3 main locations where configuration details are defined:
- /usr/share/logwatch/default.conf/*
- /etc/logwatch/conf/dist.conf/*
- /etc/logwatch/conf/*
To install Logwatch on your server.
On Ubuntu:
$ sudo apt-get install logwatchOn Debian:
$ apt-get install logwatch
Usermod Linux Command with Examples
This article covers different use cases of using the usermod command. The usermod command in Linux is used to manage user properties at command line. The syntax of the usermod command is following:
$ usermod [option] [argument] username
Use pkill Command in Linux System - An overview ?
This article covers how to use the pkill command in Linux. pkill is basicity a wrapper around the pgrep program that only prints a list of matching processes.
The syntax for the pkill command is as follows:
$ pkill [OPTIONS] <PATTERN>The matching <PATTERN> is specified using extended regular expressions.
For more information about pkill command, visit the pkill man page or type man pkill in your terminal.
Other Linux commands:
- ps — Report the status of a process or processes.
- killall — Kill processes by name.
- kill — Send a signal to a process, affecting its behavior or killing it.
Rmmod Command in Linux - An Overview ?
This article covers the process of removing modules by using rmmod from the Linux kernel. In fact, rmmod is a simple program which removes (unloads) a module from the Linux kernel. In most cases, you will want to use modprobe with the -r option instead, as it is more robust and handles dependencies for you.
Important Linux System Commands:
- depmod — Generate a list of kernel module dependencies and associated map files.
- insmod — Insert a module into the Linux kernel.
- lsmod — Show the status of Linux kernel modules.
- modinfo — Show information about a Linux kernel module.
- modprobe — Add and remove modules from the Linux kernel.
Rename Files and Directories in Ubuntu 20.04 - How to do it ?
This article covers different methods to Rename Files and Directories Using Linux Terminal. We can rename files and directories with rename and mv commands in the Linux Terminal. The mv command can only rename one file at a time, but the rename command can rename multiple files simultaneously.
How to Rename Files and Directories Using the mv Command ?
The mv command can rename files and directories. It is also used to move files and directories from one location to another.
Syntax of mv Command:
$ mv [OPTIONS] source destinationThe source can be one or more files or directories, and the destination is always a single file or directory.
Migrate to AlmaLinux 8.4 from CentOS Linux - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the process of migrating to AlmaLinux from CentOS 8. AlmaLinux OS is a new RHEL fork from the team at CloudLinux. It is meant to be a free Linux Operating System, developed in close co-operation with the community, and for the community. As of this article update, the release of AlmaLinux available is not stable fit for production use. AlmaLinux OS is now stable and can be used in Production environments.
To Migrate from CentOS 8 To AlmaLinux 8.4.
1. Download the almalinux-deploy.sh script:
$ curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AlmaLinux/almalinux-deploy/master/almalinux-deploy.sh2. Give the script execution bits:
$ chmod +x almalinux-deploy.sh3. Then run the script with the commands below:
$ sudo bash ./almalinux-deploy.sh
Add a User to Sudoers on Debian 10 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to add users into the sudoers group. Also you will learn how to edit rules in the sudoers configuration file through the command. You can customize the sudoers file based on the user requirements. Sudo stands for superuser do. Sudo is a command used in Unix-like systems to allow a regular user to execute a program as another user. In most cases, it is the root user.
The sudo command allows authorized users to perform commands as another user, which is by default the root user.
This option gives you administrator-level permissions to run programs on your machine. It is an alternative to using the su command.
Install Cockpit on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how you can easily install Cockpit on your CentOS system and manage other Linux servers. With Cockpit, you can have a quick glance at the performance of all your added servers. Also, you can monitor system resources, start and stop services, shut down the system, install updates, view network activity (send/received). create or remove user accounts, access Terminal, and much more on the remote servers. Cockpit helps to save a lot of time by letting the administrators manage the remote servers that are spread across the network using a lightweight and intuitive interface.
Benefits of Cockpit in our GNU/Linux servers:
- It consists of systemd service manager for ease.
- It has a Journal log viewer to perform troubleshoots and log analysis.
- Storage setup including LVM was never easier before.
- Basic Network configuration can be applied with Cockpit
- We can easily add and remove local users and manage multiple servers.
To Install and enable Cockpit packages from repository, run the command:
$ sudo yum install cockpitType "y" and it will start downloading and installing the required packages.
To enable the Cockpit with the following command:
# sudo systemctl start cockpitor
$ sudo systemctl enable --now cockpit.socketTo confirm the status of Cockpit, run the command:
# sudo systemctl status cockpit
Migrate from CentOS 8 To Rocky Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to easily migrate to Rocky Linux 8.4 from CentOS 8. Rocky Linux is a community enterprise operating system designed to be 100% compatible with RedHat Enterprise Linux. Rocky Linux dev team has created a migration script called migrate2rocky to easily convert an existing CentOS 8 system to Rocky Linux 8.
To Upgrade the current CentOS 8 Linux system to latest available version, run the command:
$ sudo dnf --refresh upgradeAfter update is completed, Reboot your system:
$ sudo reboot
Install LAMP Stack on Rocky Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install LAMP stack on Rocky Linux 8.4. You can now proceed to test or host your website and applications. A LAMP stack is a group of open-source software that is typically installed together to enable a server to host dynamic websites and web apps. This term is actually an acronym which represents the Linux operating system, with the Apache web server. The site data is stored in a MySQL database, and dynamic content is processed by PHP.
How to Install and configure Apache Web Server ?
1. First, we will start by installing the Apache web server. To complete the installation, use the following command:
$ yum install httpd httpd-tools2. Once the installation is complete, enable Apache (to start automatically upon system boot), start the web server and verify the status using the commands below:
$ systemctl enable httpd
$ systemctl start httpd
$ systemctl status httpd3. To make your pages available to public, you will have to edit your firewall rules to allow HTTP and HTTPS requests on your web server by using the following commands:
$ firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=http
$ firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=https
$ firewall-cmd --reload
4. Verify that the web server is running and accessible by accessing your server’s IP address:
$ echo "Hello there, Apache webserver is now running" > /var/www/html/index.html5. And restart tht Web Server to reflect the changes made:
$ systemctl restart httpdFrom your browser,
http://IP_addressHow to Install PHP on CentOS ?
1. To install PHP on your RHEL 8 use the command below:
$ yum install -y php-mysqlnd php-dom php-simplexml php-xml php-xmlreader php-curl php-exif php-ftp php-gd php-iconv php-json php-mbstring php-posix php-sockets php-tokenizer2. Now restart your web server so that Apache knows that it will be serving PHP requests as well:
$ systemctl restart httpd
Different methods to Find the Interface Link Speed in Linux Mint 20
This article covers the different ways you can easily find out the interface link speed of any specific interface in Linux Mint 20. IP command is similar to ifconfig, which is used for assigning Static IP Address, Route & Default Gateway, and so on.
Also the ethtool command is used to query or control network driver and hardware settings:
# ethtool eth0
Find Linux Server Geographic Location in Terminal - The best Method ?
This article covers how to get the geographical information of a Linux server via the command line. IP addresses provide an easy way to track the location of the server in the world by using two useful APIs provided by ipinfo.io and ipvigilante.com to get the city, state, and country connected with a server.
To get the IP address geographic location of the server, we need to install curl command line downloader and jq command-line tool to process the JSON data from the geolocation APIs:
$ sudo apt install curl jq #Ubuntu/Debian
$ sudo yum install curl jq #CentOS/RHEL
$ sudo dnf install curl jq #Fedora 22+
$ sudo zypper install curl jq #openSUSETo get the server's public IP address, use the following curl command to make an API request to ipinfo.io in your terminal:
$ curl https://ipinfo.io/ip
Install Apache Maven on CentOS 8 - Easy Method ?
This article covers the installation methods( Yum package manager or via direct download method), you can easily install Apache Maven on CentOS. Apache Maven is basically a software project management and comprehension tool.
How to check Apache Maven on Linux?
Use the following command to check the version of installed Maven on your system:
$ mvn -version
Bash For Loops - An overview with Examples
This article covers different loop formats available in Bash Scripting. Bash For loop is a statement that lets you iterate specific set of statements over series of words in a string, elements in a sequence, or elements in an array.
The syntax of the for loop is:
for VARIABLE in PARAM1 PARAM2 PARAM3
do
// scope of for loop
done
Install bashtop on Linux Mint 20 - Best Method ?
This article covers how to install the "bashtop" utility on your Linux Mint 20 system. Bashtop is a command-line based resource monitor written in bash, which depicts usage and statistics for the CPU processor(s), RAM, hard disks, network sources, and other running processes. It also contains a customizable menu and a fully responsive terminal user interface.
Now, you will be able to use this utility for monitoring the resource usage statistics on your system.
To Run or start Bashtop application, run one of the following commands.
# bashtop
# bpytop
Install the Brackets Code Editor on Linux Mint 20 - Best Method ?
This article covers the process of installing Brackets on a Linux Mint 20 system. Once this code editor is installed on your system, you can conveniently use it for professional-level frontend development.
Brackets is a modern open-source code editor for HTML, CSS and JavaScript that’s built-in HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It has two great features: quick edit and live preview. It was created for front end developers and designers and has a very attractive interface. Brackets is developed by Adobe and is focused on web designers and front-end developers.
To Install Brackets Code Editor on Ubuntu:
1. make sure that all your system packages are up-to-date by running these following apt commands in the terminal.
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade2. Install Brackets Code Editor.
$ sudo snap install brackets --classic
Disable SELinux on CentOS 7 - How to do it ?
This article covers method to permanently disable SELinux on CentOS 7. SELinux, also known as Security-Enhanced Linux, is a security feature embedded in the Linux kernel. SELinux leverages Mandatory Access controls (MAC) to confine users to certain rules and policies and prevents them from performing unauthorized tasks on the Linux system as specified by the IT administrator
To Check SELinux status, simply run the command:
# sestatus
Install Minikube on Ubuntu 20.04 - Best Method ?
This article covers how to install Minikube on your Ubuntu 20.04 machine. Minikube is an open source tool that allows you to set up a single-node Kubernetes cluster on your local machine. The cluster is run inside a virtual machine and includes Docker, allowing you to run containers inside the node.
Now, you can use the single-node Kubernetes with minikube to learn one of the most famous containers orchestration tools in the Cloud Native era.
To enable and access kubernetes dashboard , run the command:
$ minikube dashboardThis will open the Kubernetes dashboard in the web browser.
To stop the minikube, run:
$ minikube stopTo delete the minikube, run:
$ minikube deleteTo Start the minikube, run:
$ minikube start
Use tcpdump Command in Ubuntu 20.04 - Best Method ?
This article covers how to use the tcpdump command for troubleshooting and analyzing the network on your Linux system. tcpdump is the world's premier network analysis tool—combining both power and simplicity into a single command-line interface.
Basically, tcpdump is a valuable tool for anyone looking to get into networking or information security.
The raw way it interfaces with traffic, combined with the precision it offers in inspecting packets make it the best possible tool for learning TCP/IP.
Protocol Analyzers like Wireshark are great, but if you want to truly master packet-fu, you must become one with tcpdump first.
Install PostgreSQL 13 on Rocky Linux - Best Method ?
This article covers PostgreSQL 13 installation on Rocky Linux 8.4. Basically, PostgreSQL is the world's most advanced open source database system. And with the release of PostgreSQL 13 there are significant improvements to the indexing and lookup system that benefit large databases, and faster response times for queries that use aggregates or partitions.
How to Enable and Start PostgreSQL Service ?
To enable and start the PostgreSQL database service so that it can start automatically with system boot:
$ sudo systemctl start postgresql-13
$ sudo systemctl enable postgresql-13To confirm everything is working fine, check the status of PostgreSQL service:
$ sudo systemctl status postgresql-13
Install Gitea on Ubuntu 20.04 - Best Method ?
This article covers how to install Gitea on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. Gitea is a self-facilitated open-source git worker written in Go. It is a fork of Gogs . Gitea incorporates a store record supervisor, venture issue following, clients administrations, notices, implicit wiki, and considerably more.
To Install Git on Linux, run the commands:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install gitTo Confirm Git Installation, execute the command:
$ git --version
Install Puppet on Ubuntu 20.04 - Best Method ?
This article covers the installation of a puppet server on both master and client nodes and how to connect them. Ensure that you sign the puppet agent node certificate for both the master and client-side.
Puppet is a free and open-source automated administrative engine for Linux, Unix, and Windows operating systems. It is used for deploying, configuring, and managing servers and performs administrative tasks such as adding users, installing packages, and many more. It helps system admins to free up time and mental space by automating tasks on thousands of physical and virtual machines. It uses a client-server model. Where Puppet master controls configuration information for Puppet agents while Puppet agents talk to and pull down configuration profiles from the Puppet master.
Check Laptop Battery Status on CentOS 8 - Best Method ?
This article covers different methods for checking the battery status on CentOS 8. The battery status and ACPI https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface information is stored in /proc and /sys directory. Using "upower" command or "acpi" command you can get this information.
upower is a command line tool which provides an interface to enumerate power sources on the system. Execute below command in the terminal.
The upower command will show detailed information about the battery:
$ upower -i /org/freedesktop/UPower/devices/battery_BAT1
Install and Configure Monit Monitoring Server on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Best Method ?
This article covers how to Install Monit monitoring server on the Ubuntu 20.04 system. Monit is an open-source utility used to supervise the processes and restart the services which are configured for it and have failed. Monit supervises the processes and restarts them on failure detection. Apart from the processes, Monit can also be used to monitor CPU, RAM, Disk, File Size and trigger alerts on out-of-bound values. It also shows how to trigger alert emails using custom templates.
Now you can easily monitor your system using this lightweight tool.
To Install Monit on Ubuntu, run the following commands:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install monit
Clear Apt Cache on Ubuntu 20.04 - Best Method ?
This article covers the best method of listing and cleaning the apt cache on your Ubuntu system. Ubuntu users can clean Apt archive cache using sudo apt-get clean and sudo apt-get autoclean commands. The apt-get is a APT package handling utility or the command-line tool for handling packages. These commands clears out the local repository. The autoclean command only removes packages and files that are no longer in use. Ubuntu users can also do the same task from Synaptic package manager. Open Synaptic, go to Settings > Preferences > File tab. Select to delete packages that are no longer in use.
To clean Apt archive cache folder on Ubuntu, run:
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get clean
$ sudo apt-get autoclean- clean – clean clears out the local repository of retrieved package files. It removes everything but the lock file from /var/cache/apt/archives/ and /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/.
- autoclean – Like clean, autoclean clears out the local repository of retrieved package files. The difference is that it only removes package files that can no longer be downloaded, and are largely useless. This allows a cache to be maintained over a long period without it growing out of control. The configuration option APT::Clean-Installed will prevent installed packages from being erased if it is set to off.
Add Users to Sudo Group On Linux Mint 20 - Best Method ?
This article covers how to add and remove users in the sudo group to manage the sudo privileges of the users. sudo is a command-line program that allows trusted users to execute commands as root or another user.
Use Conditional Statements in Bash Scripts
This article covers an overview of conditional statements in bash scripts. Bash expression is the combination of operators, features, or values used to form a bash conditional statement. Conditional expression could be binary or unary expression which involves numeric, string or any commands whose return status is zero when success.
Bash if conditionals can have different forms. The most basic if statement takes the following form:
if TEST-COMMAND
then
STATEMENTS
fi
DockerSlim to Minify, Optimize, and Secure Docker Container in Linux
This article covers how to install DockerSlim in the Linux system and how it can be used to optimize and secure Docker containers. DockerSlim has an interactive shell that you can use to slim and secure your containers.
You can open DockerSlim shell by typing docker-slim on you terminal.
The basic commands for dockerslim include:
- Build – Analyzes, profiles and optimizes your container image then generates the supported security profiles.
- xray – Used to perform a static analysis of a container image, you can use this command if you want to see what makes the container fat.
- lint – Used to analyse container instructions in a DockerFile.
- profile – Used to perform an analysis of the container image without generating an optimized image.
10 Best Ways to Secure Your SSH Server
This article covers methods of hardening SSH servers that help to avoid different security risks. With the advancements in technology, many business processes we carry out today heavily relies on the internet, online tools and connected devices. That is why taking the necessary precautions to ensure the network security has utmost importance. If an organization fails to secure their network, they are open to cyber attacks which can result in data breaches, losing digital assets, losing business and even going out of business.
How to secure SSH ?
If you want to make sure that your SSH server is impenetrable and secure, you should follow the steps below:
- Set a custom SSH port. By default, SSH is set to be listening on port 22. Unfortunately, almost all cyber attackers know that. That is why changing it to something random like Port 821 offers an additional layer of security by obscurity.
- Employ TCP wrappers. TCP Wrappers offer a host-based ACL protection that will allow you to sort out and filter who is able to access the SSH server.
- Disable root login. Another default setting of the SSH server is that it allows root login on Unix and Linux operating systems. Since this feature can easily be exploited by the cyber attackers, we advise you to disable it.
- Disable empty passwords. Again, in Unix and Linux operating systems, SSH server allows the users to create empty passwords which practically mean keeping the door open for intruders. Make sure that no user opts for an empty password by disabling the option.
- Block SSH brute force attacks. In order to do so, you can opt for manually going through the system logs, detect the intruders and block them by using the firewall. Another (and much easier) method is using tools like Fail2ban, SSHGuard and such.
Install Emacs Editor on CentOS 8 - Best Method ?
This article covers different methods to install the emacs editor on CentOS 8 system. Emacs is one of the oldest and most versatile text editors available for Linux and UNIX-based systems. It's been around for a long time (more than twenty years for GNU emacs) and is well known for its powerful and rich editing features. Emacs is also more than just a text editor; it can be customized and extended with different "modes", enabling it to be used like an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for programming languages like Java, C or Python.
To Install Emacs via EPEL repository, Run the following command:
$ sudo dnf update
$ sudo dnf install epel-release
$ sudo dnf install emacs
Mount a Drive on Linux - Best Method ?
This article covers the process of Mounting and unmounting a drive or an ISO image in Linux. After creating disk partitions and formatting them properly, you may want to mount or unmount your drives.
On Linux, mounting drives is done via mountpoints on the virtual filesystem, allowing system users to navigate the filesystem as well as create and delete files on them.
How to List Mounted File Systems and Linux Drives ?
To display all currently attached file systems we will type:
$ mountBy default, the output will include all of the file systems including the virtual ones such as cgroup, sysfs, and others. Each line contains information about the device name, the directory to which the device is mounted, the filesystem type and the mount options.
How to install NFS client on Ubuntu and Debian ?
NFS stands for Network File System. To mount an NFS share you'll need to have the NFS client package installed on your Linux system.
1. To install NFS client on Ubuntu and Debian, type:
$ sudo apt install nfs-common2. To install NFS client on CentOS and Fedora:
$ sudo yum install nfs-utils
Ansible Roles and How to Use them in Playbooks
This article covers how to Create Roles and Use them in Ansible Playbooks. Ansible is a configuration management tool that is designed to automate controlling servers for administrators and operations teams. With Ansible you can use a single central server to control and configure many different remote systems using SSH and Python as only requirements. Ansible carries out tasks on servers that it manages based on task definitions. These tasks invoke built-in and community maintained Ansible modules using small snippets of YAML for each task.
However, playbooks can become complex when they are responsible for configuring many different systems with multiple tasks for each system, so Ansible also lets you organize tasks in a directory structure called a Role. In this configuration, playbooks invoke roles instead of tasks, so you can still group tasks together and then reuse roles in other playbooks. Roles also allow you to collect templates, static files, and variables along with your tasks in one structured format.
Create a Bootable USB Drive Using Ventoy - Best Method ?
This article covers how to Create Multiboot USB from Linux Using Ventoy. A bootable USB is commonly used as an operating system installer. To create bootable USB download appropriate .iso,.dmg or .img file and then copy/unpack to a USB.
Commonly, at a time one ISO image is used in a USB and have to reformat drive each time to boot another Operating system. This will end up with many bootable USB drives to keep.
The idea is to get the USB drive ready for multibooting. Then you can copy the ISO images of the operating systems that you want in the first partition. Ventoy will then search for them and list them in alphabetical order on the GRUB menu.
Run Shell Script as Systemd Service in Linux
This article covers how to run your own shell script as a systemd service. Basically, Systemd is a software application that provides an array of system components for Linux operating systems. It is the first service to initialize the boot sequence. This always runs with pid 1. This also helps use to manage system and application service on our Linux operating system.
How to Enable New Service in Linux?
1. To reload the systemctl daemon to read new file, execute:
$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload 2. To enable the service to start on system boot, also start the service using the following commands:
$ sudo systemctl enable shellscript.service
$ sudo systemctl start shellscript.service 3. To verify the script is up and running as a systemd service:
$ sudo systemctl status shellscript.service
Install KDevelop in Ubuntu 20.04 - Best Method ?
This article covers How to Install kdevelop in Ubuntu Linux System. KDevelop is a robust IDE that includes useful extensions, and also several high-quality features. KDevelop is a great option of IDE for Linux distributions due because of its stability and security.
To Install kdevelop software package in Ubuntu, run the following command:
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install kdevelop
Add and Remove User in CentOS 8 - Best Method ?
This article covers how to add a user as well as how to remove it in case you no longer need it. We also described how to add and remove a user to and from a group. If you are using Ubuntu distribution, visit how to add or remove users in Ubuntu.
You may need to create separate account for every user want to connect this system. To add new users in system there are two commands available in your system, useradd and adduser. adduser command is the enhanced version of useradd command. adduser command uses useradd command in backend.
Linux Touch Command Examples - How it works ?
This article covers a few basic examples of the touch command. For more information use 'man touch' to view the manual page. In fact, the touch command is a standard command used in UNIX/Linux operating system which is used to create, change and modify timestamps of a file.
Touch Command Options
- -a to change the access time only.
- -c if the file does not exist, do not create it.
- -d to update the access and modification times.
- -m to change the modification time only.
- -r to use the access and modification times of file.
- -t creates a file using a specified time.
Install Google Cloud SDK on Ubuntu 20.04 - Best Method ?
This article covers how to Install and Set Up Google Cloud SDK on Ubuntu 20.04. The Google Cloud SDK provides us with the ability to access the Google Cloud via the terminal. It is a development toolkit that comes with multiple commands that help in managing the resources within the Google Cloud environment.
Monitor Network Socket Connection Using 9 'ss' Command
This article covers how to monitor socket connection using ss command. ss command is a tool that is used for displaying network socket related information on a Linux system. The tool displays more detailed information that the netstat command which is used for displaying active socket connections.
The basic ss command without any options simply lists all the connections regardless of the state they are in:
$ ss
Install and Run Jenkins with Systemd and Docker on Ubuntu 20.04 - Best Method ?
This article covers how to Run Jenkins Server in Docker Container with Systemd. Jenkins is an opensource automation server that is designed to help software developers build, test and deploy applications and thereby streamline the continuous integration and delivery process.
To create a system group for Jenkins, run the command:
$ sudo groupadd --system jenkinsThen create Jenkins system user:
$ sudo useradd -s /sbin/nologin --system -g jenkins jenkinsAnd finally add Jenkins user to docker group as shown:
$ sudo usermod -aG docker jenkinsTo confirm that Jenkins user is added to the docker group, run the id command as shown:
$ id jenkins
Prevent SSH From Timing Out - Best Method ?
This article covers different ways of keeping SSH sessions alive and preventing them from needlessly timing out. These are handy tips that you can use especially when there are no associated risks with someone taking over your SSH session when you are away. SSH sessions will timeout and the client will automatically be disconnected from the server after being idle or inactive for a while.
To Avoid SSH timeout from the server:
1. Edit SSHd configuration file using your favorite editor,
$ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config2. Set these options as the followings:
TCPKeepAlive no
ClientAliveInterval 30
ClientAliveCountMax 240Here, the server will not send the TCP alive packet to check if the client's connection is working, yet will still send the encrypted alive message every 30 seconds. It will only disconnect after at least 2 hours of inactivity.
Define and Use Handlers in Ansible Playbooks
This article covers Ansible features which you can use to write playbooks for server automation. Basically, Handlers are just like normal tasks in an Ansible playbook but they run only when if the Task contains a "notify" directive. It also indicates that it changed something. handlers will perform an action when listens for a notify event. If nothing notifies a handler, it will not run. Regardless of how many tasks notify a handler, it will run only once, after all of the tasks completed in a particular play.
Linux Stat Command Examples
This article covers how to use the Linux stat command. Basically, The stat command gives important information about filesystems. stat command is a useful utility for viewing file or file system status. It retrieves information such as file type; access rights in octal and human-readable; SELinux security context string; time of file birth, last access, last data modification, last status change in both human-readable and in seconds since Epoch, and much more. Also, It has an option to specify a custom format instead of the default, for displaying information.
Check CPU Temperature Using lm-Sensors and hddtemp
This article covers how you can monitor the temperature of your CPU cores, hard drive and other components attached to the motherboard.
When your PC is overheating, consider disassembling your PC and blowing it with a blower to get rid of all the dust which might be blocking the ventilation vents.
Also, ensure your laptop is placed on a hard surface and not on a cushy surface such as on a bed where the vents can easily get blocked.
Lastly, enable power saving mode and close any unnecessary applications.
Chmod Command in Ubuntu 20.04 - How it Works ?
This article covers both the symbolic and numeric mode of the chmod command. Control who can access files, search directories, and run scripts using the Linux's chmod command. This command helps modifies Linux file permissions.
In Linux, who can do what to a file or directory is controlled through sets of permissions. There are three sets of permissions. One set for the owner of the file, another set for the members of the file's group, and a final set for everyone else.
To change directory permissions in Linux, use the following:
- chmod +rwx filename to add permissions.
- chmod -rwx directoryname to remove permissions.
- chmod +x filename to allow executable permissions.
- chmod -wx filename to take out write and executable permissions.
We can use the -l (long format) option to have ls list the file permissions for files and directories.
$ ls -lchmod Numerical Shorthand:
- 0: (000) No permission.
- 1: (001) Execute permission.
- 2: (010) Write permission.
- 3: (011) Write and execute permissions.
- 4: (100) Read permission.
- 5: (101) Read and execute permissions.
- 6: (110) Read and write permissions.
- 7: (111) Read, write, and execute permissions.
Install and Use Vim Editor in Linux - Best Method ?
This article covers how to install vim, followed by some basics on using vim and then uninstalling it. Vim (Vi IMproved) is a text editor that is upwards compatible to Vi. It can be used to edit all kinds of plain text. It is especially useful for editing config files and programs written in shell, python, perl, c/c++ and more.
Among the various text editors in the world of Linux, Vim (or Vi IMproved) stands out for its versatility and for the functions it offers. In fact, Vim is able to speed up code writing, providing some shortcuts to perform all the operations of modification, deletion or replacement of the text.
Vim Text Editor also allows you to install different plugins through which transforming this simple text editor into a real IDE for programming in different languages.
How to Install vim using apt on Linux ?
1. Open terminal application. You can also press CTRL+ALT+T keyboard shortcut.
2. Update package database by typing the sudo apt update command.
3. Search for vim packages run: sudo apt search vim.
4. Install vim on Ubuntu Linux, type: sudo apt install vim.
5. Verify vim installation by typing the vim --version command.
Modify User Password in Linux - Best method ?
This article covers how to change own and another user account passwords. It's recommended that to change your password frequently and use a unique password for each account for security purpose. Basically, you will learn how to change a password on any Linux distribution, including Ubuntu, Debian, and CentOs.
To change a password on behalf of a user, first sign on or "su" to the "root" account. Then type, ``passwd user'' (where user is the username for the password you are changing). The system will prompt you to enter a password. Passwords do not echo to the screen when you enter them.
You can also change your own password, by typing ``passwd'' (without specifying a username). You will be prompted to enter your old password for verification, and then a new password.
How to Change a Password in Linux?
To change the password in Linux you need to open the terminal and type the following command:
$ sudo passwdAfter executing the command, you will be asked to enter the new password twice.
Remove Files and Directories Using Linux Command Line - The Right way ?
This article covers how to Remove Files and Directories Using Linux Command.
The procedure to remove all files from a directory:
- Open the terminal application.
- To delete everything in a directory run: rm /path/to/dir/* .
- To remove all sub-directories and files: rm -r /path/to/dir/* .
Use Shutdown Command in Linux - On Ubuntu | Debian ?
This article covers how to use of shutdown command in Linux with different arguments. Learn more by visit the shutdown man page.
On Unix-like operating systems, the shutdown command shuts down or reboots the system.
The shutdown command brings the system down in a secure way. All logged-in users are notified that the system is going down, and login operations are blocked. It is possible to shut the system down immediately, or after a specified delay.
All processes are first notified that the system is going down by the signal SIGTERM. This gives programs like vi time to save the file being edited, mail and news processing programs a chance to exit cleanly, etc.
Good Linux commands:
- halt — Stop the computer.
- poweroff — Stop the computer.
- reboot — Stop the computer.
- wall — Send a message to all logged-in users.
Wget Command Examples on Linux Command Line
This article covers different wget command for different operations along with options. Wget is a command line utility in linux to download files from the internet. It provides many features such as downloading multiple files, resuming stopped downloads, limiting the bandwidth, downloading in the background and can be used for taking mirrors of the site. Wget supports HTTP, HTTPS and FTP protocol to connect server and download files.
You can learn more about Wget visit the GNU wget Manual page.
How to Install wget on Ubuntu | Debian ?
If your operating system is Ubuntu, or another Debian-based Linux distribution which uses APT for package management, you can install wget with apt-get:
$ sudo apt-get install wget
Top 15 SCP Command Examples in Linux
This article covers some useful SCP commands to copy files/folders between hosts in the network. Linux administrator should be familiar with CLI environment. Since GUI mode in Linux servers is not a common to be installed. SSH may the most popular protocol to enable Linux administrator to manage the servers via remote in secure way. Built-in with SSH command there is SCP command. SCP is used to copy file(s) between servers in secure way.
SCP Basic syntax:
scp [options] username1@source_host:/location1/file1 username2@destination_host:/location2/file2Some common scp command options include:
- –P – Specify server SSH port.
- –p – Preserve the timestamp for modification and access (note the lower-case).
- –q – Quiet mode, don’t display progress or messages (will still show errors).
- –C – Compress the data during transmission.
- –r – Recursive – include subdirectories and their contents.
Top 5 Open-Source Monitoring Tools
This article covers the top monitoring tools in the market. Monitoring tools help ensure the stability of not only the computer systems and networks, but also help ensure the stability of a business or an enterprise. Many monitoring tools ask users to share information and data which usually businesses or enterprises are not comfortable sharing.
The open-source monitoring tools providing open access are free from the blame of data theft because, with open-source monitoring tools, the companies are not forced to share their data if they don't want to.
Monitoring is essential to businesses to ensure a necessary system is up and running. Monitoring different aspects of your IT Infrastructure setup can cause a lot of tantrum if not done properly with the right tools.
Change Timezone on CentOS 7 Server - Do it Now ?
This article covers how to change timezone in CentOS 7. A time zone is basically a region of the globe that observes a uniform standard time for constitutional, business and cultural purposes.
To get detailed information your CentOS server's date, time, and timezone you use the timedatectl command:
$ timedatectlTo Delete the current /etc/localtime file or symlink:
$ sudo rm -rf /etc/localtime
Enable SSH on Ubuntu 18.04 System - How to do it ?
This article covers how to install and Enable SSH service on Ubuntu 18.04 system. You can now login remotely to your server using any SSH client from Linux or Windows system. To increase security of SSH connection by Changing default SSH port to custom one on you system. Get more details about SSH server from official SSH site.
When establishing a remote connection between a client and a server, a primary concern is ensuring security. For Linux users, the best practice of accessing and managing your server remotely is through the cryptographic protocol known as Secure Shell (SSH).
How to Enable SSH on Ubuntu ?
1. To install SSH, first update the package repository cache with:
$ sudo apt-get update2. Now install the OpenSSH software package by entering:
$ sudo apt-get install openssh-serverIf prompted, type in your password and press y (yes) to permit the installation.
3. To verify the installation was successful and SSH is running use the command:
$ sudo service ssh statusThe confirmation message that you are looking for is: Active: active (running).
Change Hostname on CentOS 7 - How to do it ?
This article covers how to change the hostname on CentOS 7 using different methods. By default, your server is started with the server's given name as the hostname. Some software such as cPanel requires a valid fully qualified domain name (FQDN) for the hostname to be used during their licensing verification system.
To Change a server's hostname:
1. Using a text editor, open the server's /etc/sysconfig/network file. The following example shows how to open this file in the GNU nano text editor:
# sudo nano /etc/sysconfig/network2. Modify the HOSTNAME= value to match your FQDN hostname, as shown in the following example:
HOSTNAME=myserver.domain.com3. Open the file at /etc/hosts. To update the information for internal networking, change the host that is associated with the main IP address for your server, as shown in the following example:
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain
123.45.67.89 hostname.domain.com hostname4. Run the hostname command. This command enables you to change the hostname on the server that the command line remembers, but it does not actively update all of the programs that are running under the old hostname. The following code provides an example:
# hostnamectl set-hostname hostname.domain.com
# hostname
hostname.domain.com
#5. Use the following command to restart networking on your server to ensure that changes persist on restart:
# /etc/init.d/network restart
Change the SSH Port on Ubuntu 20.04 Linux Server
This article covers how to change SSH port on your Linux system. SSH (Secure shell) is a cryptographic network protocol used to connect to a remote server securely and it transfer the data in encrypted form between the host and the client.
The default TCP port for SSH is 22, and by changing this default port to the other, it can prevent automated bots and malicious users from being brutally forced into the server.
Before changing the default SSH port number, can check the current port with the below command:
# netstat -ntlp | grep sshTo change the SSH port:
1. Open the main SSH daemon configuration file /etc/ssh/sshd_config:
# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config2. Now search line begins with Port 22 and add hashtag (#) in front of that line.
3. Then add a new Port line below with the custom port.
Note: Replace the sample port number with the custom port number that needs to be set.
4. Save and exit.
How to Restart the SSH daemon for the changes to take effect ?
Run the below commands to restart the SSH daemon and verify that the port changed:
# systemctl restart sshd
# netstat -ntlp | grep ssh
Top 5 Open-Source Load Balancers 2021
This article reviews the Best Open Source Load Balancers. Load Balancing software assists virtual appliances in monitoring and distributing excess traffic. It helps network administrators and data centers maintain constant loading speed. The load balancing software is used to convey network traffic to specific servers with accurate configurations.
Load Balancing Algorithms Types:
- Round-robin Algorithm – The simplest method involves moving the requests within the same order to available servers.
- Least-time Algorithm – It selects servers supported by the smallest amount of active requests and the fastest processing speed. The algorithm integrates with powerful algorithms to give the server higher memory, capacity, and power.
- Least-connections Algorithm – This algorithm sends requests to servers with the smallest amount of workload. The algorithm sends requests to the smallest amount of busy servers.
- Hash-based Algorithm – It assists a hash key to the client and server IP addresses. The algorithm ensures that user's requests are sent to the identical servers containing data from the previous sessions. This ends up in an efficient network resource delivery.
Secure Apache with Let's Encrypt on Debian 9 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to use certbot client of Let’s Encrypt to obtain SSL certificate for you domain.
To set these up DNS records for your server, you can follow these instructions for adding domains and then these instructions for creating DNS records:
- An A record with your_domain pointing to your server’s public IP address.
- An A record with www.your_domain pointing to your server’s public IP address.
To install Certbot as a snap on Debian,
You must first have snapd installed on your server.
snapd is a daemon required to install, use, and manage snaps.
Installing the snapd package will also install the snap command on your server.
1. To install snapd, update your local package index if you've not done so recently:
$ sudo apt update2. Then install the snapd package:
$ sudo apt install snapdAfter running this command, you'll be prompted to confirm that you want to install snapd and its dependencies.
Do so by pressing Y and then ENTER.
3. Next, use the snap command to install the core snap. This will install some dependencies on your server that are needed for any snap you install, including the Certbot snap:
$ sudo snap install core4. Then refresh the core snap. Doing so will ensure that you have the latest versions of snapd and its dependencies installed:
$ sudo snap refresh coreFollowing that, you can install the certbot snap with the following command.
5. Because Certbot must be allowed to edit certain configuration files in order to correctly set up certificates, this command includes the --classic option. This confinement level allows any snaps installed under it the same access to system resources as traditional packages:
$ sudo snap install --classic certbot6. Create a symbolic link to this file in the /usr/bin/ directory to ensure that you can run the certbot command anywhere on your system:
$ sudo ln -s /snap/bin/certbot /usr/bin/certbot
How to Compress and Extract Files Using the Tar, Zip Command on Ubuntu 20.4 Linux OS ?
This article covers how to archive and compress files using tar and zip commands with a few examples to show you how it works.
The tar command on Linux is often used to create .tar.gz or .tgz archive files, also called "tarballs".
How to Remove Files from a Tar Archive ?
Use the --delete operation to remove files from an archive.
The following example shows how to remove the file file1 from archive.tar:
$ tar --delete -f archive.tar file1
Install WordPress with Nginx on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install WordPress on Ubuntu 20.04 with Nginx HTTP Server and Let's Encrypt wildcard SSL Certificates. WordPress is a free, open-source, and most popular content management system that allows you to create a blog on the Internet.
You can install nginx, MariaDB, PHP and all the required PHP extensions with the following command:
$ apt-get install nginx mariadb-server php php-curl php-mysql php-gd php-intl php-mbstring php-soap php-xml php-xmlrpc php-zip php-fpm -yOnce the LEMP server is installed, start the Nginx and MariaDB service with the following command:
$ systemctl start nginx
$ systemctl start mariadbNginx's inbuilt features includes:
- Nginx is built to work on low memory usage.
- It can support extremely high concurrency.
- Is Ipv6 enabled.
- Supports reverse proxy with efficient caching.
- Provides an inbuilt load balancer.
- Supports WebSockets.
- Optimized handling of index files, static files and provides auto indexing.
- Is accompanied with FastCGI for efficient caching.
Install Discord on Linux (Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint) - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the installation procedure of Discord on any Linux Distribution such as Linux Mint 20, Ubuntu 20.04, and Debian 10. Also, we explained a quick method of uninstalling this Discord platform from your Linux system.
You can either uninstall it from the software center or use this command in the terminal:
$ sudo apt remove discordIf you have enabled Snap support on your Linux distribution, you can use the following command to install it:
$ sudo snap install discord
If you want to remove it, you can use the snap command to uninstall it:
$ sudo snap remove discord
Install PHP (7.3, 7.2) on Debian 9 Stretch - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install PHP 7.3 on Debian 9 (Stretch) and Debian 8 (Jessie). With PHP 7.3 comes a number of bug fixes, new functionalities and features as well as a number of deprecations.
To Set Default PHP Version on Debian ?
You can set the default PHP version with the below command incase your system has multiple PHP versions. Change php7.3 with the version you want to set as the default PHP version:
$ sudo update-alternatives --set php /usr/bin/php7.3
Install Apache on Debian 9 Server - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install an Apache web server on your Debian 9 server. The Apache HTTP server is the most widely-used web server in the world. It provides many powerful features including dynamically loadable modules, robust media support, and extensive integration with other popular software.
How to Install Apache ?
1. Let's begin by updating the local package index to reflect the latest upstream changes:
$ sudo apt update2. Then, install the apache2 package:
$ sudo apt install apache2After confirming the installation, apt will install Apache and all required dependencies.
The Apache profiles begin with WWW:
1. WWW: This profile opens only port 80 (normal, unencrypted web traffic).
2. WWW Cache: This profile opens only port 8080 (sometimes used for caching and web proxies).
3. WWW Full: This profile opens both port 80 (normal, unencrypted web traffic) and port 443 (TLS/SSL encrypted traffic).
4. WWW Secure: This profile opens only port 443 (TLS/SSL encrypted traffic).
How to Manage Apache Process ?
To stop your web server, type:
$ sudo systemctl stop apache2To start the web server when it is stopped, type:
$ sudo systemctl start apache2To stop and then start the service again, type:
$ sudo systemctl restart apache2If you are simply making configuration changes, Apache can often reload without dropping connections. To do this, use this command:
$ sudo systemctl reload apache2By default, Apache is configured to start automatically when the server boots. If this is not what you want, disable this behavior by typing:
$ sudo systemctl disable apache2To re-enable the service to start up at boot, type:
$ sudo systemctl enable apache2Apache should now start automatically when the server boots again.
Install LEMP Stack on Debian 9 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers steps to install a LEMP stack on a Debian 10 server using MariaDB as the database management system. The LEMP software stack is a group of software that can be used to serve dynamic web pages and web applications. The name "LEMP" is an acronym that describes a Linux operating system, with an (E)Nginx web server. The backend data is stored in a MariaDB database and the dynamic processing is handled by PHP.
Although this software stack typically includes MySQL as the database management system, some Linux distributions — including Debian — use MariaDB as a drop-in replacement for MySQL.
To install Nginx Web Server.
1. Run the apt commands:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install nginxOn Debian 10, Nginx is configured to start running upon installation.
Install LAMP Stack on Debian 9 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install LAMP on Debian server along with PHPMyAdmin to manage your database. LAMP stands for Linux OS, with Apache web server, Data store in a MySql or MariaDB database, and dynamic content is processed by PHP.
To install Apache on Debian:
1. Run the following command:
$ apt-get install apache22. To restart your web server by typing the following command:
$ service apache2 restart
Install LEMP Stack on Ubuntu 18.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to Install a LEMP Stack on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. LEMP stack is a group of open-source software that is typically installed together to enable a server to host dynamic websites and web apps. LEMP stands for Linux OS, with the Nginx (pronounced like "Engine-X") web server, Data store in a MySQL database, and dynamic content is processed by PHP.
To install Nginx Web Server:
1. Run the commands below to install Nginx.
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install nginx2. Allow traffic on port 80.
$ sudo ufw allow 'Nginx HTTP'You can verify the change by running:
$ sudo ufw status
Install LAMP Stack on Ubuntu 18.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers step by step process to install a LAMP stack on an Ubuntu 18.04 server. LAMP stack is a group of open-source software that is typically installed together to host dynamic websites. LAMP stands for Linux OS, with Apache web server, Data store in a MySQL database, and dynamic content is processed by PHP.
To Install Apache and Update the Firewall.
1. Install Apache using Ubuntu’s package manager, apt:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install apache22. Allow incoming HTTP and HTTPS traffic for this profile:
$ sudo ufw allow in "Apache Full"
Configure Static IP Addresses on Ubuntu 18.04 Server - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers method to set up a static IP address on Ubuntu 20.04. Basically, in most network configurations, the IP address is assigned dynamically by the router DHCP server.
The recommended way to assign a static IP address to a device on your LAN is to configure a Static DHCP on your router. Static DHCP or DHCP reservation is a feature found on most routers which makes the DHCP server to automatically assign the same IP address to a specific network device, each time the device requests an address from the DHCP server. This works by assigning a static IP to the device's unique MAC address.
To Get the name of network interface and the default gateway in Linux:
You can either use ip command or the network manager CLI like this:
$ nmcli d
Install MySQL on Ubuntu 18.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install MySQL version 8.0 on an Ubuntu 20.04 server. By completing it, you will have a working relational database that you can use to build your next website or application.
MySQL is an open-source database management system, commonly installed as part of the popular LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Python/Perl) stack. It implements the relational model and uses Structured Query Language (better known as SQL) to manage its data.
To install MySQL using the APT package repository:
1. Update the package index on your server if you've not done so recently:
$ sudo apt update2. Then install the mysql-server package:
$ sudo apt install mysql-serverThis will install MySQL, but will not prompt you to set a password or make any other configuration changes.
Because this leaves your installation of MySQL insecure, we will address this next.
Create a Sudo User on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to create a user with sudo privileges. You can now log in to your Ubuntu server with this user account and use sudo to run administrative commands.
Basically, The sudo command provides a mechanism for granting administrator privileges, ordinarily only available to the root user, to normal users.
Find Out Which Processes are Listening on a Particular Port in Ubuntu 20.04
This article covers methods to find out the processes that are listening to particular ports on your Linux system. A port is nothing but an endpoint of communication used in computer networks.
You have physical or wireless connections at the hardware level. At software or operating system level a port act as a logical construct that acts as communication port of network service such as SSH, HTTPD and more.
TCP and UDP are the most common port. TCP is an acronym for Transmission Control Protocol. UDP is an acronym for User Datagram Protocol.
How to Find Out Which Process Is Listening Upon a Port in Linux ?
1. netstat command or ss command – a command-line tool that displays network connections, routing tables, and a number of network interface statistics.
2. fuser command – a command line tool to identify processes using files or sockets.
3. lsof command – a command line tool to list open files under Linux / UNIX to report a list of all open files and the processes that opened them.
4. /proc/$pid/ file system – Under Linux /proc includes a directory for each running process (including kernel processes) at /proc/PID, containing information about that process, notably including the processes name that opened port.
Clear RAM Cache, Buffer, and Swap Space on Linux System - How to do it ?
This article covers how to clear the cache and buffer memory of the physical memory along with clearing the swap space when needed.
Every Linux System has three options to clear cache without interrupting any processes or services.
If you want to clear Swap space, you may like to run the below command.
$ swapoff -a && swapon -aTo Clear PageCache, dentries and inodes:
$ sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_cachesTo Clear PageCache only:
$ sync; echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_cachesTo Clear dentries and inodes:
$ sync; echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
Install Duplicity on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Duplicity on your Linux system. After doing that, you will be able to maintain the backups of your critical data and hence prevent data loss. Moreover, you can also easily remove this backup software tool from your Linux system.
If you are a system administrator and responsible for managing servers than backing up data is one of the most important tasks of you.
So you must have enough knowledge of backup tools that makes your task easier.
Duplicity is a free, open-source and an advanced command-line backup utility built on top of librsync and GnuPG. It produces digitally signed, versioned and encrypted tar volumes for storage on a local or remote computer.
Duplicity supports many protocols for connecting to a file server including, ssh/scp, rsync, ftp, DropBox, Amazon S3, Google Docs, Google Drive, local filesystem, OneDrive, WebDAV and many more.
To install and configure Duplicity to perform manually and automate backup on Ubuntu 20.04 server:
1. You can update all of them with the following command:
$ apt-get update -y2. After updating all packages, you will also need to install some required dependencies on your server. You can install all of them by running the following command:
$ apt-get install ncftp python3-paramiko python-pycryptopp lftp python3-boto python3-dev librsync-dev -y3. By default, Duplicity is available in the Ubuntu 20.04 default repository. You can install it by just running the following command:
$ apt-get install duplicity -y4. Once installed, verify the installed version of Duplicity with the following command:
$ duplicity --version
Add Swap Space on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how we can add and maintain swap space in the ubuntu system. Swap space can take the form of either a dedicated swap partition or a swap file. Typically, when running Ubuntu on a virtual machine, a swap partition is not present, and the only option is to create a swap file.
To Adjust the Swappiness Value:
Swappiness is a Linux kernel property that defines how often the system will use the swap space. It can have a value between 0 and 100. A low value will make the kernel to try to avoid swapping whenever possible, while a higher value will make the kernel to use the swap space more aggressively.
On Ubuntu, the default swappiness value is set to 60. You can check the current value by typing the following command:
$ cat /proc/sys/vm/swappinessTo Remove a Swap File:
1. First, deactivate the swap space:
$ sudo swapoff -v /swapfile2. Next, remove the swap file entry /swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0 from the /etc/fstab file.
3. Finally, remove the actual swapfile file using the rm command:
$ sudo rm /swapfile
Configure Network in Linux Using Netplan and NMTUI - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to set up your network interface using Netplan and NMTUI. Setting up the network interfaces is one of the most basic step that every system administrator and server engineers have to do to make it accessible over the network.
Netplan is based on YAML based configuration system that makes configuration process very simple. Netplan has replaced the old configuration file /etc/network/interfaces that we previously used for configuring network interfaces in Ubuntu.
To Restart the network service
1. Once all the configurations are successfully applied, restart the Network-Manager service by running the following command:
$ sudo systemctl restart network-manager2. If you are using a Ubuntu Server, instead use the following command:
$sudo systemctl restart system-networkdTo Verify IP address
Now to verify if the new configurations are successfully applied, run the following command to verify the IP address:
$ ip aThe Netplan default configuration file is under the directory /etc/netplan.
You can find that using the following command:
$ ls /etc/netplan/To view the content of Netplan network configuration file, run the following command:
$ cat /etc/netplan/*.yaml
Configure ZFS on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to create ZFS storage pools, how to destroy the pool, and specify the mount point. ZFS is a combined file system and logical volume manager.
If you are dealing with large amounts of data, or providing a backing filesystem for virtualization, ZFS is a great choice.
Features of ZFS includes:
1. Protection against data corruption
2. High storage capacity (256 ZiB)
3. Snapshots and copy-on-write clones and continuous integrity checking to name but a few.
To Install ZFS on Ubuntu:
1. The main components of ZFS are maintained as a standard Ubuntu package, so to install simply run:
$ sudo apt install zfsutils-linux2. After that, we can check if ZFS was installed correctly by running:
$ whereis zfs
Create and Use Bash Aliases on Ubuntu 20.04 Linux System - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the procedure of creating and using bash aliases. Running long and complex commands is usually tedious and time-consuming. Aliases provide much-needed relief by providing shortcuts to those complex commands.
These shortcuts can easily be called on the terminal and yield the same result as the complex command.
This tutorial shows how to create and add aliases permanently to your bash shell on Linux and Unix-like systems.
To Create Bash Aliases
Creating aliases in bash is very straight forward.
The syntax is as follows:
alias alias_name="command_to_run"An alias declaration starts with the alias keyword followed by the alias name, an equal sign and the command you want to run when you type the alias.
Find and Kill Running Processes in Ubuntu 20.04 Linux System - How to do this ?
This article covers method to comfortably find and kill running process on a Linux system.
If you run an application, it runs some process in the background. If you want to close this application forcefully, you can kill the process associated to it.
To kill a process, you need to know the its process ID (PID). The next section tells you how to find the process ID of a program.
To Kill the process using the PID
1. Once you have the PID of the desired application, use the following command to kill the process:
$ sudo kill -9 process_id2. If you have more than one process id, you can kill all of them together by providing all the PIDs.
$ sudo kill -9 process_id_1 process_id_2 process_id_3
Install Geary on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how easy it is to install Geary on a Linux Mint 20 system. However, if you do not want to use this email client anymore, then you can remove it from your Linux system all the more conveniently.
Geary is a GTK-based mail app that lets you read, find and send email through a modern interface replete with GNOME Shell desktop integrations (notifications, GNOME Online Accounts, etc).
One major reason for using Geary over, say, Mozilla Thunderbird or Evolution is that it's built around “conversations” rather than individual mails.
To Install Geary on Ubuntu
Add the Geary Team PPA to your software sources:
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:geary-team/releases
$ sudo apt install geary
Securely Delete Files Using Shred Command in Debian 10 - How to do it ?
This article covers how to use the shred command in Debian 10 Buster system along with various command line options.
You have seen that how the shred command overwrites and deletes the files, making them hard to recover using any recovery tools.
Shred old data files for the same reason you shred old paper documents.
Commands included in the secure-delete bundle:
1. srm is a secure rm, used to erase files by deleting them and overwriting their hard drive space.
2. sfill is a tool to overwrite all free space on your hard drive.
3. sswap is used to overwrite and cleanse your swap space.
4. sdmem is used to cleanse your RAM.
How to Shred a Single FIle ?
To shred a single file, we can use the following command.
The options we are using are:
i. u: Deallocate and remove the file after overwriting.
ii. v: Verbose option, so that shred tells us what it is doing.
iii. z: Performs a final overwrite with zeroes.
$ shred -uvz test.txt_01.txtHere, shred overwrites the file four times by default.
The first three passes use random data, and the final pass uses zeroes, as we requested.
It then removes the file and overwrites some of the metadata in the inode.
Use the Who Command in Debian 10 - How to do it ?
This article covers the who command in Linux along with its some of the useful command line options.
Sometimes, while working on the command line, you might want to know more about logged in users.
There exists a command line utility who which you can use to access this kind of information.
Basically, the who command shows who all are logged in.
Here's its syntax:
$ who [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ]To access time of last system boot?
For this, use the -b command line option:
$ who -b
Top 5 Data Backup Software for Linux
This article covers Data Backup Software for Linux. Data Backup and Protection are key concerns of many users, companies, and organizations. For this purpose, many data backup and data protection systems have been introduced and still many are being developed every day, deciding to choose and select the best and most suitable platform meeting needs and requirements. Each tool offers enhanced and state-of-the-art capabilities to provide the utmost data protection and data backup.
All the listed and discussed backup software, i.e., Acronis, Nakivo, IDrive, MSP360, and Backblaze assure utmost performance and are acclaimed by its users.
However, the task of selecting one tool among the top five best-listed backup software solely depends on user requirements and expectations from the backup tool along with the cost one is willing to spend on the backup software.
Other than that, each tool listed provides commendable features and data protection services.
What to look for when choosing backup software for an enterprise?
Make sure the following features are supported backup software you deploy:
1. Open source software – You must use software for which the original source code is made freely available and may be and modified. This ensures that you can recover your data in case vendor/project stopped working on software or refused to provide patches.
2. Cross-platform support – Make sure backup software works well on the OS deployed on all desktop and server operating systems.
3. Data format – Open data format ensures that you can recover data in case vendor or project stopped working on software.
4. Autochangers – Autochangers are nothing but a variety of backup devices, including library, near-line storage, and autoloader. Autochangers allows you to automate the task of loading, mounting, and labeling backup media such as tape.
5. Backup media – Make sure you can backup data on tape, disk, DVD and in cloud storage such as AWS.
6. Encryption datastream – Make sure all client-to-server traffic will be encrypted to ensure transmission integrity over the LAN/WAN/Internet.
7. Database support – Make sure backup software can backup database server such as MySQL or Oracle.
8. Backup span multiple volumes – Backup software can split each backup (dumpfile) into a series of parts, allowing for different parts to existing on different volumes. This ensures that large backups (such as 100TB file) can be stored on larger than a single backup device such as disk or tape volume.
9. VSS (Volume Shadow Copy) – It is Microsoft's Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) and it is used to create snapshots of data that is to be backed up. Make sure backup software support VSS for MS-Windows client/server.
10. Deduplication – It is a data compression technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data (for example, images).
11. License and cost – Make sure you understand and use of open source license under which the original backup software is made available to you.
12. Commercial support – Open source software can provide community based (such as email list or fourm) or professional (such as subscriptions provided at additional cost) based support. You can use paid professional support for training and consulting purpose.
13. Reports and alerts – Finally, you must able to see backup reports, current job status, and get alert when something goes wrong while making backups.
Install Minecraft on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers different methods to install and launch Minecraft on Ubuntu OS. Also, you can remove Minecraft in case you need to do so.
Minecraft is a game about placing blocks and going on adventures. It's set in infinitely-generated worlds of wide open terrain – icy mountains, swampy bayous, vast pastures and much more – filled with secrets, wonders and peril!
To Install Minecraft on Ubuntu:
1. Open the Terminal application either through the system Application Launcher search bar or by using the Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut.
Then, enter the following command in order to download the file Minecraft.deb from the Mojang website:
$ wget -o ~/Minecraft.deb https://launcher.mojang.com/download/Minecraft.deb2. The most feasible way to install software from the .deb package is through the gdebi tool. If you do not have gdebi installed on your system, you can install is through the following command as sudo:
$ sudo apt install gdebi-core3. Run the gdebi command as follows in order to install the Minecraft .deb package:
$ sudo gdebi ~/Minecraft.debHow to Remove Minecraft from Ubuntu ?
You can completely remove Minecraft from your system along with all the configurations you might have made, through the following command:
$ sudo apt-get --purge remove minecraft launcherYou will be presented with a y/n option. Enter y and the Minecraft Launcher, and the downloaded game will be removed from your system.
Force User to Change Password at Next Login on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to force a user to change their password in any Linux Distribution.
If we create a user account with the default password, we can use this trick to force the user to change their account's default password when they first login to their account.
This will hopefully improve the security of their account.
We can achieve this in two ways.
1. Using passwd command
2. Using chage command
Display System and Hardware Details in Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to check the system or hardware details of your Ubuntu 20.04 system.
If you want to check all the above details for Debian 10, click here. While to check system or hardware details for CentOS, click here.
For the command line tool, inxi is available to check:
i. Audio/sound card(s), driver, sound server.
ii. System battery info
iii. CPU output
iv. Hard Disk info
v. Graphics card, driver, display server, resolution, renderer, OpenGL version.
vi. vii. General info, including processes, uptime, memory, IRC client or shell type, inxi version.
vii. Memory (RAM) data (Require root)
viii. Network card, driver.
ix. system info, partition info, sensors output, USB data, and more.
To install inxi in Ubuntu, simply run command:
$ sudo apt-get install inxiThen run man inxi to get a list of command options, or run inxi -F to get a brief output containing system or hardware details.
Install Visual Studio Code on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to easily install Visual Studio code on your Ubuntu 20.04 system. Visual Studio Code is an open-source cross-platform code editor developed by Microsoft.
It has a built-in debugging support, embedded Git control, syntax highlighting, code completion, integrated terminal, code refactoring and snippets.
To Install Visual Studio Code on Ubuntu:
1. First, update the packages index and install the dependencies by typing:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install software-properties-common apt-transport-https wget2. Next, import the Microsoft GPG key using the following wget command :
$ wget -q https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add -And enable the Visual Studio Code repository by typing:
$ sudo add-apt-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/vscode stable main"3. Once the apt repository is enabled , install the latest version of Visual Studio Code with:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install code
Install Composer on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Composer on your Linux system and use it for handling the packages and dependencies of the PHP programming language. Composer is a dependency manager for PHP (similar to npm for Node.js or pip for Python ).
With Composer, you can specify the PHP libraries your project depends on, and it will pull and manage all libraries and dependencies for you.
Composer is used in all modern PHP frameworks and platforms such as Laravel, Symfony, Drupal, and Magento.
To install PHP Composer on Ubuntu:
1. Ensure that you have all the necessary requirements installed on your system:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install wget php-cli php-zip unzip2. Composer offers an installer written in PHP that we’ll use to install Composer. Use wget to download the installer:
$ wget -O composer-setup.php https://getcomposer.org/installerThe command above will save the file as composer-setup.php in the current working directory .
3. Run the following command to install Composer in the /usr/local/bin directory:
$ sudo php composer-setup.php --install-dir=/usr/local/bin --filename=composer4. To install composer locally enter:
$ sudo php composer-setup.php --install-dir=/path/to/project5. When a new Composer version is available, you can update your installation using the following command:
$ sudo composer self-update
Reset Gnome Desktop on Ubuntu 18.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how To Reset Gnome Desktop Settings To Default.
To Reset Gnome Desktop in Ubuntu 20.04, Fedora, & Other Linux:
1. First install Gnome Tweaks (if you don’t have it) from your system package manager. Then launch the tool, go to menu -> Reset to Defaults.
2. Ubuntu's default Settings offers a button on header-bar to reset all keyboard shortcuts.
3. And you can reset most Gnome database to default via dconf command. Simply open terminal and run:
$ dconf reset -f /org/gnome/4. Some changes need a restart to apply.
To install Gnome Tweaks.
Run the command below:
$ sudo apt install gnome-tweaksAfter running the command you'll need to restart the session (logout/login).
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (Bionic Beaver) Release
This article covers an overview about Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (Bionic Beaver). Also we covered in details the main features of this Ubuntu release.
The Ubuntu operating system's latest Long Term Support (LTS) release, Ubuntu 18.04 (Bionic Beaver), was released on April 26, 2018.
To upgrade an Ubuntu system of version 16.04 or later to Ubuntu 18.04:
1. Back Up Your System.
2. Update Currently Installed Packages
Begin by updating the package list:
$ sudo apt-get update3. Next, upgrade installed packages to their latest available versions:
$ sudo apt-get upgrade4. Now, use the dist-upgrade command with apt-get, which will perform any additional upgrades that involve changing dependencies, adding or removing new packages as necessary.
$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
Upgrade Ubuntu 16.04 to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers method to Upgrade Ubuntu 16.04 to Ubuntu 18.04. If you are still using Ubuntu version 16.04, you may want to consider updating to the latest Long Term Support release, version 18.04.
What does LTS or Long Term Support Release Mean?
A Long Term Support release or LTS release, means that Ubuntu will support the version for five years.
If you are running a production environment, you will likely want to use a Long-Term Support version of your preferred server operating system.
What is New in Ubuntu Version 18.04:
1. Depending on when you installed Ubuntu version 16.04, the Linux kernel used would have been anywhere from version 4.4 to 4.10. Version 18.04 uses Linux kernel 4.15 at launch.
2. Linux kernel 4.5 now includes new features like CPU controller for the cgroup v2 interface, AMD secure memory encryption support, the latest MD driver with software RAID enhancements, and improved power management for systems with SATA Link Power Management.
3. The new kernel also includes some Ubuntu-specific updates, Linux security module stacking support, and the signing of POWER host and NV kernels is now supported.
18.04 does not install Python 2 default, and it updated Python version 3 to version 3.6.
4. Apache updates to version 2.4.29 and supports HTTP/2.
5. Nginx updates to version 1.14.0.
6. PHP updates from version 7.1 to 7.2.
7. The ifupdown network manager is removed on new installs and is deprecated. netplan.io is the new network configuration manager.
8. OpenSSH now refuses to use RSA keys smaller than 1024 bits. This command can report the length of a key.
ssh-keygen -l -f /path/to/key.pub32-bit PowerPC support has been dropped.
9. The Subuquity server installer brings live sessions and fast installs of Ubuntu Desktop to server users.
10. Ubuntu 18.04 ships with LXD system container manager version 3.0. Version 3.0 of LXD allows for clustering of LXD servers, adds support of NVIDIA run-time pass-through, and lxd-p2c is a new tool that turns existing systems into LXD containers.
To Upgrade Ubuntu from 16.04 to 18.04:
1. Create a backup of your environment.
2. Run the command below to update and upgrade the packages.
$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade3. To add the Update Manager to your server add command below to your terminal.
$ sudo apt install update-manager-core4. Now that you have created a backup installed package updates and have the upgrade manager you are ready to upgrade Ubuntu.
$ sudo do-release-upgrade5. To check what version of Ubuntu is currently installed use the command below.
$ lsb_release -a
Install PHP On Ubuntu 18.04 | 16.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers steps To Install Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP (LAMP) stack on Ubuntu Linux System. PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor, and it’s a script-based server-side programming language. PHP is often used to automate server tasks. It handles tasks like dynamic content, database requests, and processing and displaying data.
A "LAMP" stack is a group of open source software that is typically installed together to enable a server to host dynamic websites and web apps.
This term is actually an acronym which represents the Linux operating system, with the Apache web server.
The site data is stored in a MySQL database, and dynamic content is processed by PHP.
To Install PHP 7.2 with Apache on Ubuntu:
1. Ensure you are using the latest Ubuntu updates by entering the following command into a terminal window:
$ apt-get update && apt-get upgrade2. To install PHP 7.2, enter the following command:
$ sudo apt-get install php libapache2-mod-phpConfirm the installation by hitting Enter. The system will download and install PHP from the software repositories. This command also installs dependencies and modules for use with Apache.
3. Verify PHP was installed, with the command:
$ php -v
Install and Configure Apache On Ubuntu 18.04 | 16.04 - Step by Step Process.
This article covers how to install an Apache web server on your Ubuntu 20.04 server.
Apache or Apache HTTP server is a free and open source web server, developed and maintained by the Apache Software Foundation.
Apache allows website developers to serve their content over the web. It serves as a delivery man by delivering files requested by users when they enter a domain name in their browser's address bar.
To Install Apache 2 on Ubuntu Linux:
1. You can download the latest version of a software by first updating the local package index of Ubuntu repositories. Open the Terminal and enter the following command in order to do so:
$ sudo apt update2. Next, enter the following command as sudo in order to install Apache2 and its required dependencies:
$ sudo apt install apache2You may be prompted with a y/n option to continue installation. Please enter Y, after which the installation procedure will begin.
3. When the installation is complete, you can check the version number and thus verify that Apache2 is indeed installed on your system by entering the following command:
$ apache2 -versionApache Server Logs Location:
1. /var/log/apache2/access.log: By default, every request to your web server is recorded in this log file unless Apache is configured to do otherwise.
2. /var/log/apache2/error.log: By default, all errors are recorded in this file.
The LogLevel directive in the Apache configuration specifies how much detail the error logs will contain.
Use Let's Encrypt To Secure Apache2 On Ubuntu - How to do it ?
This article covers method to Secure Apache with Let's Encrypt on Ubuntu 20.04. Let's Encrypt is a certificate authority created by the Internet Security Research Group (ISRG).
It provides free SSL certificates via a fully automated process designed to eliminate manual certificate creation, validation, installation, and renewal.
Certificates issued by Let's Encrypt are valid for 90 days from the issue date and trusted by all major browsers today.
To install Certbot on Ubuntu:
Certbot is a command-line tool that automates the tasks for obtaining and renewing Let’s Encrypt SSL certificates.
The certbot package is included in the default Ubuntu repositories.
Update the packages list and install certbot using the following commands:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install certbotBefore enabling the configuration files, make sure both mod_ssl and mod_headers are enabled by issuing:
$ sudo a2enmod ssl
$ sudo a2enmod headersNext, enable the SSL configuration files by running the following commands:
$ sudo a2enconf letsencrypt
$ sudo a2enconf ssl-paramsEnable the HTTP/2 module, which will make your sites faster and more robust:
$ sudo a2enmod http2Reload the Apache configuration for changes to take effect:
$ sudo systemctl reload apache2
Install WordPress On Ubuntu 18.04 | 16.04 Servers - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers methods to install WordPress on Ubuntu Linux System. WordPress is undoubtedly one of the most popular Content Management Systems (CMS) available in the market. You can easily install WordPress on Ubuntu 18.04 because it is configured to work with Apache or NGINIX, MySql, PHP in a LAMP or a LEMP stack.
It also features an extensive plugin framework, and theme system that allows site owners to use the simple and powerful publishing tools.
To Configure Maximum File Size Upload Setting to Allow Larger Files on Ubuntu:
By default, PHP restricts web uploads to under two megabytes.
To allow larger file uploads through the web interface, configure the upload_max_filesize setting in php.ini:
Apache: /etc/php/7.2/apache2/php.ini.
NGINX: /etc/php/7.2/fpm/php.ini.; Maximum allowed size for uploaded files.
; http://php.net/upload-max-filesize
upload_max_filesize = 2M
Install Synaptic Package Manager on Linux - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install the synaptic package manager on a Linux distribution of your choice and hence make the package management process all the more easier.
Synaptic is a lightweight GUI front end to apt package management system used in Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint and many other Debian/Ubuntu based distributions.
Main Features of Synaptic Package Manager:
1. install, remove, and upgrade packages.
2. upgrade your whole system.
3. search and filter the list of available packages.
4. perform smart system upgrades.
5. fix broken package dependencies.
6. edit the list of used repositories (sources.list).
Install Terminalizer on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Terminalizer which is a terminal recording tool on a Linux distribution of your choice, you will be able to conveniently record all your terminal-related activities.
Terminalizer is a fancy and highly customizable CLI tool that records and renders terminal activity and can make an animated GIF image from it.
It can work well on Ubuntu, CentOS, Arch Linux, SUSE, RedHat, Fedora, and so on.
How to perform the Installation of terminalizer on Linux systems ?
To install the terminalizer, run the following command:
$ sudo npm install -g terminalizerIn the higher version of Node.js, there might be a failure of installation. In such a case, let's install the developer tools to compile the C++ add-ons.
$ sudo apt install build-essentialTo verify the installation of development tools, run the following command:
$ gcc -v
$ make -vHow to use the terminalizer ?
To use terminalizer, First run the test file in the current directory with the following command:
$ terminalizer record testYou can run some commands then press ctrl+D to save the recording as a YAML file (test.yml).
Now, you can play the recording by running the below command that shows all the history of the command running on that session:
$ terminalizer play testHow to Create animated Gif ?
You can create a animated Gif of the terminal session with the following command:
$ sudo terminalizer render testHere, we are trying to create a animated Gif for our terminal session with file name test.yml.
You will get the animated gif with the program default settings for our terminal session of the test file.
To install Node.js on Ubuntu:
1. update your system.
$ apt update2. Next, run the command below to install Node.js from the repositories.
$ apt install node.js3. Upon successful installation of node.js, you can verify the version of Node.js using the command as shown.
$ nodejs --version
Install and Configure Memcached on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install and configure the Memcached caching server on CentOS 8 system through the command-line tool.
Now, you can easily install and configure the Memcached server on your CentOS 8 system easily.
Memcached is a free and open-source high-performance in-memory key-value data store.
Typically, it used as a caching system to speed up applications by caching various objects from the results of database calls.
To install memcached on CentOS, perform the following tasks as a user with root privileges:
1. Install memcached and its dependencies:
$ yum -y update
$ yum install -y libevent libevent-devel
$ yum install -y memcached
$ yum install -y php-pecl-memcache2. Change the memcached configuration setting for CACHESIZE and OPTIONS:
i. Open /etc/sysconfig/memcached in a text editor.
ii. Locate the value for CACHESIZE and change it to at least 1GB. For example
CACHESIZE="1GB"iii. Locate the value for OPTIONS and change it to localhost or 127.0.0.1
3. Save your changes to memcached and exit the text editor.
4. Restart memcached.
$ service memcached restart5. Restart your web server.
For Apache:
$ service httpd restart
Install NetBeans on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the different methods for the installation of NetBeans on Ubuntu OS.
NetBeans is an open source integrated development environment that comes with good cross-platform support.
You can configure this tool to support a wide array of development objectives.
Practically, you can develop Web, Desktop and Mobile Applications without leaving this platform.
Besides this, the user can add a wide array of known languages such as PHP, C, C++, HTML, Ajax, JavaScript, JSP, Ruby on Rails and so on.
To install Netbeans IDE on any Linux distribution using Snap.
Snap is a universal package manager and if you have enabled Snap on your distribution, you can install it using the following command:
$ sudo snap install netbeans --classic
Install Mono on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install mono on Ubuntu 20.04 system.
We have also explored how you can build a program using the mono framework.
The mono installation takes time to complete on your Ubuntu system. So, be patient when you will install mono on your system.
To install Mono on Ubuntu:
1. Add its repository, run the commands below.
$ sudo apt update.
$ sudo apt install dirmngr gnupg apt-transport-https ca-certificates2. Next, run the commands below to add its repository and key and repository file to Ubuntu.
$ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys 3FA7E0328081BFF6A14DA29AA6A19B38D3D831EF
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb https://download.mono-project.com/repo/ubuntu stable-bionic main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mono-official-stable.list'3. Now that Mono repository and key are added, run the commands below to finally install it.
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install mono-complete
Test your Internet Speed through Command-Line in CentOS 8 - How to do it ?
This article covers the different methods through which you can install the Speedtest utility on your CentOS 8 system.
Also, we have also shown how to test the internet speed through the Speedtest-cli utility and how to generate URLs to share with others.
To Install Speedtest-cli on CentOS 8:
1. Open the terminal to make sure that Python is installed and working properly. Type the following command to check Python version:
$ python --versionIf python is not installed on your system then first you will install python on your system.
For this purpose, you need to run the below-mentioned command on the terminal to install python on CentOS 8.
$ sudo yum install python2
2. Download the speedtest_cli.py file using 'wget' command:
$ wget -O speedtest-cli https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sivel/speedtest-cli/master/speedtest.pyAfter successfully saved the downloaded file, you will type the following command on the terminal:
$ chmod +x speedtest-cli
Install PlayOnLinux on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how you can install PlayOnLinux on Ubuntu OS using two different ways.
You can opt for any installation method (command line or GUI-based method) that is most convenient for you.
PlayOnLinux will allow you to install your Windows-based software on different virtual drives, which means that there is no interaction between the different applications you install.
So if something doesn't work right, you know it won't affect the rest of your stuff and they can easily uninstall it by removing the virtual drive.
To install PlayOnLinux on Ubuntu:
PlayOnLinux can be found in the Ubuntu software repositories, so you can get it from Ubuntu Software Center or install it with the following command:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install playonlinuxIt is also recommended to install some dependencies that may be necessary:
# sudo apt-get install winbind
# sudo apt-get install unrar-free p7zip-full
10 Useful Awk Command Examples in Linux
This article covers a few awk commands and scripts.
Awk is a scripting language used for manipulating data and generating reports.
The awk command programming language requires no compiling, and allows the user to use variables, numeric functions, string functions, and logical operators.
AWK Syntax:
$ awk options 'selection _criteria {action }' input-file > output-fileFunctions of AWK:
1. AWK Operations:
(a) Scans a file line by line
(b) Splits each input line into fields
(c) Compares input line/fields to pattern
(d) Performs action(s) on matched lines
2. Useful For:
(a) Transform data files
(b) Produce formatted reports
3. Programming Constructs:
(a) Format output lines
(b) Arithmetic and string operations
(c) Conditionals and loops
Install Redshift on Linux Mint - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the procedure of installing Redshift- the color temperature adjusting tool on a Linux system.
Also, we have shared with you the procedure of uninstalling this tool from your system if you do not want to use it any longer.
Redshift is a tool that is used to adjust the color temperature of your screen according to your surroundings.
The color temperature adapts to the time of the day.
A different color temperature is set for the night and daytime. It applies a red hue or redness effect to your screen or graphical display.
This helps reduce eye strain and lessen the risk of delayed sleep in case you are working in front of the screen at night.
How does RedShift work?
In the early morning, redshift allows your eyes to gradually adapt over a period of about an hour, as the temperature transitions smoothly from night time until the day.
The color temperature during the day should match the light from outside, typically around 5500K-6500K. The default daytime temperature is 6500K.
At night the color temperature is set to match the lamps in the room.
This temperature is around 3000K-4000K. The default night temperature is 4500K.
To install RedShift on Ubuntu:
1. The most straightforward of installing redshift on Ubuntu 20.04 is using the apt package manager. To install Redshift, execute the following commands:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install redshift redshift-gtk
Install Android File Transfer for Linux on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Android File Transfer for Linux on your Ubuntu distribution.
Now you can conveniently transfer files between your android phones and Linux system.
Android File Transfer is an MTP client tool that is used to transfer files from android devices to Linux OS and from Linux OS to Android devices.
It is similar to Android File Transfer that is available for Mac OS and has a very minimalistic and easy to use interface.
To Android file transfer for Linux:
1. Connect your Android device with your computer using a USB cable.
When prompted on Android device for allowing access to the device data, tap on Allow to allow access.
2. Launch Terminal by pressing Ctrl+Alt+T key shortcut.
Then you will need to update our system by adding the PPA to your list of software sources. For this, run the following command in Terminal:
$ sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/samoilov-lex/aftl-stable/ubuntu artful main"3. Once completed, run the following command in Terminal to update the repository.
$ sudo apt-get update4. After your local repository is updated, run the following command in Terminal to install Android file transfer:
$ sudo apt install android-file-transfer
Install Imagemagick on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Imagemagick on your system very conveniently and use it for editing your images.
However, you can also uninstall this tool from your system very easily at any time by following the tip that we have shared.
ImageMagick is a free and open-source application through which we can manage (i.e. create/edit/convert etc.) raster graphics. ImageMagick is typically used from command line.
Also we can use it from any programming language by using its interface like Magick.NET (.Net),IMagick (PHP), PerlMagick (Perl) etc.
To Install ImageMagick on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS:
1. First, make sure that all your system packages are up-to-date by running these following apt commands in the terminal.
$ sudo apt update$ sudo apt upgrade2. Install ImageMagick on Ubuntu system.
$ sudo apt install imagemagick
Check Disk Usage Using Duf Command-line Utility on Linux
This article covers how To View Disk Usage With Duf On Linux And Unix.
Duf is a command line utility to find disk usage in Linux and Unix-like systems.
It displays the disk usage details in a nice tabular-column and user-friendly layout.
You can even get the disk usage output in JSON format as well.
Features of duf Utility:
1. Easy to use
2. Colorful display
3. Adjust height and width as per your terminal resize movement
4. Sorting data as per our need
5. Filters and groups
6. JSON outputs and more
On DEB-based systems such as Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, download the .deb binary installation file from the releases page and install it using your system's package manager.
$ sudo apt install gdebi$ sudo gdebi duf_0.3.1_linux_amd64.debOn RPM-based systems such as RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, download the .rpm binary file and install it using command:
$ sudo rpm -Uvh duf_0.3.1_linux_amd64.rpm
To View Disk Usage With Duf On Linux And Unix:
All you have to do is just run the duf command without any options like below:
$ duf
Install Moodle on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to download, configure, and install Moodle powered by the LAMP stack on RHEL 8.
Moodle is the world’s most popular learning management system for building robust online learning sites.
How to open HTTP and HTTPS for Moodle Learning Platform in CentOS 8 ?
To open HTTP and HTTPS services in the firewall to allow traffic to the NGINX web server, run the commands below:
# firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=http # firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=https# firewall-cmd --reload
Find UUID in Linux Mint 20 - How to do it ?
This article covers the different methods to find out the UUID in a Linux Mint 20 system.
UUID is the "universally unique identifier" that is assigned to devices on a Linux system for the purpose of identification.
For example if your hard disk has 3 partitions then each partition is a device and has a uuid.
Similarly cd/dvd, usb drives etc all are assigned a uuid.
Different methods To identify Disk Partition/FileSystem UUID in Linux:
1. blkid Command: locate/print block device attributes.
2. lsblk Command: lsblk lists information about all available or the specified block devices.
3. hwinfo Command: hwinfo stands for hardware information tool and great utility that used to probe for the hardware present in the system.
4. udevadm Command: udev management tool.
5. tune2fs Command: adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems.
6. dumpe2fs Command: dump ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem information.
7. Using by-uuid Path: The directory contains UUID and real block device files, UUIDs were symlink with real block device files.
Install Cinnamon Desktop on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers steps to install Cinnamon desktop on your Ubuntu 20.04 system.
Want to try out the Cinnamon Desktop Environment?
Without installing Linux Mint, you can get the desktop packages in Ubuntu via a few commands.
Cinnamon is available in Ubuntu main repositories, though the package version is however a little old.
Ensure to enable universe repository and then use this command to install Cinnamon on Ubuntu 20.04:
$ sudo apt install cinnamon
Install Microsoft Edge Browser on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers methods of installing and uninstalling the Microsoft Edge browser on a Linux Mint 20 system.
Also, if you want to get rid of it, you can conveniently uninstall it.
Edge for Linux currently supports Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, and OpenSUSE distributions.
Developers may install Edge from the Microsoft Edge Insider site or Microsoft's Linux Software Repository.
To Install Edge on Debian, Ubuntu, and Mint:
$ curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | gpg --dearmor > microsoft.gpg$ sudo install -o root -g root -m 644 microsoft.gpg /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/edge stable main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/microsoft-edge-dev.list'$ sudo rm microsoft.gpg$ sudo apt update$ sudo apt install microsoft-edge-dev
Once successfully installed on your Linux Mint system, launch the browser from your favorite app launcher, or run microsoft-edge-dev from a command prompt.
Setup Xrdp over Xorg in CentOS Linux System with Multi Sessions
This article covers how to run Xrdp over Xorg protocol, which far most secure and recommended over the XVNC protocols.
Also, we covered the sessions manager that how you can manage your remote connections by tweaking its configuration parameters which sometimes come in a challenging phase.
Install GNOME Desktop on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers methods to Install GNOME Desktop on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. Most Ubuntu servers are run on CLI (Command-Line Interface) mode.
But in some cases, one may need to have a desktop to install some applications with GUI (Grapich User Interface) mode.
To Update Repositories and Packages on Ubuntu:
Start by updating the repositories and package lists:
# sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgradePress Y and hit enter when asked if you want to continue.
To Install Gnome on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS Focal Fossa:
1. First, make sure that all your system packages are up-to-date by running these following apt commands in the terminal:
$ sudo apt update$ sudo apt upgrade$ sudo apt install tasksel2. To install GNOME desktop vanilla version execute the following command:
$ sudo apt install gnome-session gdm33. To Install Full Gnome Desktop on Ubuntu 20.04:
$ sudo tasksel install ubuntu-desktop
Install Drupal on Debian 10 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to setup Drupal on Debian Linux System.
Drupal is a powerful CMS that allows you to design stunning websites and blogs with simple tools and drag and drop features in a matter of a few hours.
It offers flexibility in terms of customization of your site to meet your desired results.
You can easily get started with free templates before advancing to premium templates that have more features.
To Configure Apache 2.4:
1. Enable Apache's rewrite module. This module is necessary since Drupal 8 enables Clean URLs by default;
$ sudo a2enmod rewrite2. Specify the rewrite conditions for your Drupal site’s document root in Apache's configuration file using the text editor of your choice.
If you installed and configured your Apache server using LAMP stack on Debian 10 guide, the configuration file for your site is located at /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf.
File: /etc/apache2/sites-available/example.com.conf:
<Directory /var/www/html/example.com/public_html> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride All Require all granted RewriteEngine on RewriteBase / RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?q=$1 [L,QSA]</Directory>3. Change the ownership of your site's document root from root to www-data. This allows you to install modules and themes, and to update Drupal, without being prompted for FTP credentials.
$ sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/example.com4. Restart Apache so all changes are applied.
$ sudo systemctl restart apache2
Install NextCloud on Ubuntu 20.04 with Apache - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to Install NextCloud on Ubuntu 20.04 with Apache (LAMP Stack). You can now upload your files and collaborate with your team members on NextCloud. This way you have full control of your data.
Nextcloud, a fork of ownCloud, is a file sharing server that permits you to store your personal content, like documents and pictures, in a centralized location, much like Dropbox.
The difference with Nextcloud is that all of its features are open-source.
It also returns the control and security of your sensitive data back to you, thus eliminating the use of a third-party cloud hosting service.
To install Nextcloud on Ubuntu:
1. To download the Nextcloud snap package and install it on the system, type:
$ sudo snap install nextcloud2. The Nextcloud package will be downloaded and installed on your server. You can confirm that the installation process was successful by listing the changes associated with the snap:
$ snap changes nextcloud
Use CAT Command to Combine Text Files in Ubuntu 20.04 - Do it now ?
This article covers the detailed examples used for combining the text files in Ubuntu 20.04 system using the CAT command.
Users can easily use these methods to merge text from multiple files and sort it into another file.
They can also append text from one file to another file using the Ubuntu terminal.
Install Slack on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the different methods of installation of Slack on the Ubuntu 20.04 system in detail.
Slack is a well-known and modern communication tool used to organize various communications in channels so that teams can work together and communicate when needed.
Slack Installation on Ubuntu using Snap package:
1. Install snapd package in your system. write the appended command, and then hit enter.
$ sudo apt install snapd2. If the latest apt is not installed in your system then try using apt-get update && apt-get upgrade to get all of the available updates.
3. You can install the slack by using affixed command. You need to type this command on the terminal then press enter.
$ sudo snap install slack --classic
Install Zabbix Agent on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install the Zabbix Agent on a Ubuntu 20.04 system very conveniently.
You can ensure the successful installation of the Zabbix Agent by checking its Active status on your system. However, you can also uninstall it anytime you want.
Zabbix agent is installed on the remote host (target) to monitor the hard drive, memory processor, etc. The agent collects data and sends back to Zabbix Server.
Zabbix agents can use passive or active checks to pass information.
In passive check, Zabbix server (poller) requests an agent for certain information, and the agent sends back a value.
In the active check, the agent process all data and pushes it to the Zabbix server.
However, agent periodically connects the server to collect metric which needs to be monitored.
To Configure Zabbix agent:
Make necessary changes on the Zabbix Agent configuration file "/etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.conf".
After making changes, Save the changes and exit the file.
Then restart Zabbix agent service to the changes to be effected.
$ sudo systemctl restart zabbix-agent
To Configure the firewall on Zabbix agent:
1. If you have UFW firewall enables, execute the commands:
$ sudo ufw allow 10050/tcp2. Then reload the firewall
$ sudo ufw reload3. And verify that the port has been opened or allowed on the firewall.
$ sudo ufw status
Install Tig on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Tig on your Ubuntu 20.04 system and hence interacting with Git all the more efficiently.
However, you can get rid of this utility any time you want by following the uninstallation procedure that we have shared with you in this guide.
Tig is a text-mode interface for git. It mainly serves as a Git repository browser. It can also assist in staging changes for commit at the chunk level.
Features of Tig:
1. Browses the commits in the current branch
2. Displays the commits for one or more specific branches
3. Compares two branches
4. Helps to see the changes for a single file
5. Displays the list of stashes
6. Shows references for branches, tags and remotes
To install tig on Ubuntu:
1. First update the system, run:
# sudo apt update2. To install tig on ubuntu, run:
# sudo apt install tig
To uninstall tig on Ubuntu:
To completely remove tig from your Ubuntu machine, type;
# sudo apt remove tig -y
Install Amazon Web Service CLI on Linux Mint 20 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install the AWS CLI very conveniently on your Linux Mint 20 system and use it for managing the Amazon Web Services very efficiently.
The AWS or Amazon Web Service command line interface is a command line tool for manage our Amazon web services.
AWS CLI provides direct access to the Amazon Web Services public API.
As it is a command line tool, it can also be used to create scripts to automate your Amazon web services.
To the AWS CLI on Ubuntu With APT:
1. First we update the package listing cache with the following command in the terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T):
# sudo apt-get update2. Now we are going to install the AWS CLI using the command:
# sudo apt-get install awscli3. We will can check if AWS CLI is working correctly with the following command:
# aws --version
Install Node.js on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the different methods to perform the installation of NodeJS on the CentOS 8 system.
Now that NodeJS is installed on your CentOS 8 system, you can use it to deploy a NodeJS application on the system.
Node.js is a cross-platform, runtime environment that was built on Chrome's JavaScript. This environment is designed to execute JavaScript code on the server-side.
To check Node version number, run the command:
# node --version
Set up passwordless SSH Authentication on Linux - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to setup an SSH key-based authentication as well how to connect to your Linux server without entering a password.
To set up a passwordless SSH login in Linux all you need to do is to generate a public authentication key and append it to the remote hosts ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.
To Disable SSH Password Authentication
To add an extra layer of security to your server you can disable the password authentication for SSH.
Before disabling the SSH password authentication make sure you can log in to your server without a password and the user you are logging in with has sudo privileges.
The following steps describe how to configure sudo access:
1. Log into your remote server with SSH keys, either as a user with sudo privileges or root:
# ssh sudo_user@server_ip_address2. Open the SSH configuration file /etc/ssh/sshd_config, search for the following directives and modify as it follows:
/etc/ssh/sshd_configPasswordAuthentication noChallengeResponseAuthentication noUsePAM no3. Once you are done save the file and restart the SSH service.
On Ubuntu or Debian servers, run the following command:
# sudo systemctl restart sshOn CentOS or Fedora servers, run the following command:
# sudo systemctl restart sshd
Install Code::Blocks on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to conveniently install the Code::Blocks IDE on your Ubuntu 20.04 system.
After installing this IDE on your system, you can easily use it for C, C++, and FORTRAN development.
You can even uninstall it anytime you want and that too very cleanly by following the uninstallation method of the Code::Blocks IDE.
To Install Code::Blocks IDE using APT:
Code::Blocks IDE is available on Ubuntu repositories and can be installed with the APT command.
1. First update your system.
$ sudo apt update2. To install codeblock on Ubuntu , run the following command.
$ sudo apt install codeblocks3. When prompted to continue, just type 'Y' and press ENTER to proceed.
To Remove Code::Blocks IDE from Linux system:
1. To remove codeblocks from ubuntu, run the following command.
$ sudo apt remove codeblocks2. To complete remove codeblock and its associated configurations, run the following two commands.
$ sudo apt purge codeblocks$ sudo apt autoremove
Verify if a Server Supports TLS or not on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers different methods to enable you find out if your specified web server is supporting TLS or not.
By so doing, you will be able to ensure whether your information is going to stay secure while using that web server or not.
TLS is an acronym for Transport Layer Security. TLS facilitates secure communication between computers on the Internet.
In this guide, we used both openssl and nmap.
To Verify TLS Support with Openssl:
Openssl is an open source tool for implementing secure communications on the Internet. The openssl tool is available on all major Linux distributions.
If the openssl tool is not already installed on your Linux machine, you may install it as follows.
On Ubuntu/Debian based distributions:
$ sudo apt install opensslOn CentOS/Red Hat based distributions:
$ sudo yum install opensslNow, to verify TLSv1.3 support on your server or website, run the following command.
$ sudo openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443 -tls1_3
Install Apache Solr on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers method to install Apache Solr on a Ubuntu 20.04 system. Once this search platform is installed on your Ubuntu 20.04 system, it will facilitate you with its exceptional search features.
To Access Apache Solr on Ubuntu:
You can access the Apache Solr web interface using the URL http://your-server-ip:8983/solr.
You should see the Apache Solr web interface.
To install Apache Solr 8.6 on Ubuntu 20.04:
1. You can update your system with the following command:
$ apt-get update -y$ apt-get upgrade -y2. Java must be installed in your system. If not installed you can install it by running the following command:
$ apt-get install default-jdk -y3. After installing Java, you can verify the Java installation using the following command:
$ java -version4. To get the latest version of Apache Solr is 8.6.0, You can download it with the following command:
$ wget https://archive.apache.org/dist/lucene/solr/8.6.0/solr-8.6.0.tgzOnce downloaded, extract the downloaded file with the following command:
$ tar xzf solr-8.6.0.tgz5. Next, install the Apache Solr by executing the Solr installation script:
$ bash solr-8.6.0/bin/install_solr_service.sh solr-8.6.0.tgz6. Apache Solr is installed and listening on port 8983.
You can verify it with the following command:
$ netstat -tunelp | grep 8983
Install Neofetch on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the installation method of the Neofetch shell script on a Ubuntu 20.04 system. After installing this script on your system, you can easily execute it to display your system's information on the terminal.
However, you can uninstall this script any time you want if you do not feel like using it anymore on your Ubuntu 20.04 system.
Neofetch is a command line system information tool which supports almost all operating systems.
It displays the system information in the terminal along side the operating system's logo.
To Install Neofetch in Ubuntu / Linux:
Execute the commands:
# sudo apt-get update# sudo apt-get install neofetch
Install phpMyAdmin with Apache on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how you can seamlessly install phpMyAdmin on your Ubuntu Linux system.
Working with a database can sometimes be intimidating, but PhpMyAdmin can simplify tasks by providing a control panel to view or edit your MySQL or MariaDB database.
To Install phpMyAdmin on Ubuntu:
1. Update the apt package tool to ensure we are working with the latest and greatest.
$ apt update && upgrade2. Install PhpMyAdmin and PHP extensions for managing non-ASCII string and necessary tools.
$ apt install phpmyadmin php-mbstring php-gettextDuring this installation you’ll be asked for the web server selection, we will select Apache2 and select ENTER.
Here, you have the option for automatic setup or to create the database manually.
For us, we will do the automatic installation by pressing ENTER for yes.
3. At this setup, you'll be asked to set the PhpMyAdmin password.
Specifically for the PhpMyAdmin user, phpmyadmin, you'll want to save this in a secure spot for later retrieval.
4. Enable PHP extension.
phpenmod mbstring5. Restart the Apache service to recognize the changes made to the system.
# systemctl restart apache2
Install Flameshot in Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the method of installing Flameshot on a Ubuntu 20.04 system.
Also, we also shared with you the method of removing this screenshot tool from your Ubuntu 20.04 system. Flameshot is a powerful yet simple to use screenshot software for Linux.
Main Features of Flameshot:
1. Customizable appearance.
2. Easy to use.
3. In-app screenshot edition.
4. DBus interface.
5. Upload to Imgur.
To Install Flameshot on Ubuntu:
Flameshot is installed on Ubuntu from apt repository by running the following command:
# sudo apt install flameshotYou can also build from source, but you need to install build tools prior to packaging flameshot.
# sudo apt install g++ build-essential qt5-default qt5-qmake qttools5-dev-toolssudo apt install libqt5dbus5 libqt5network5 libqt5core5a libqt5widgets5 libqt5gui5 libqt5svg5-devsudo apt install git openssl ca-certificatesgit clone https://github.com/lupoDharkael/flameshot.gitcd flameshotmkdir buildcd buildqmake ../sudo makesudo make installThe preferred method is installation from the apt repository as it is easy to update package to the latest release.
To Install Flameshot on Arch Linux / Manjaro:
For Arch Linux and its derivatives like Manjaro, Antergos e.t.c. The package is available from the upstream repository.
# sudo pacman -S flameshot
To remove Flameshot from Ubuntu 20.04:
1. When you no longer want to use this screenshot tool on your Ubuntu 20.04 system, you can remove it by executing the command shown below:
$ sudo apt-get purge flameshot2. Finally, you can also remove all those packages and dependencies that are not needed any longer by executing the following command:
$ sudo apt-get autoremove
Install Atom editor on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install atom editor on CentOS 8 using the command-line application.
Atom is a free and open-source text and source code editor for OS X, Linux, and Windows with support for plug-ins written in Node.js, and embedded Git Control, developed by GitHub
To install latest version of Atom using .rpm package on your CentOS 8 machine:
1. First, go to the Atom official website and download the Atom .rpm package:
# sudo curl -SLo atom.x86_64.rpm https://atom.io/download/rpm2. You can now install Atom using dnf command:
# sudo dnf localinstall atom.x86_64.rpm3. Now that Atom is installed on your CentOS system you can launch it from the command line by typing atom or by clicking on the Atom icon (Applications -> Programming -> Atom).
Install Gradle on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install the latest Gradle version on CentOS 8 system.
Also you will learn how to set up the environment variable in the Gradle configuration file.
Gradle is an open-source build automation system.
It supports multiple programming languages such as Java, C++, and Python development. It is based on the concepts of Apache Ant and Apache Maven.
To verify if Gradle is installed properly use the gradle -v command which will display the Gradle version:
# gradle -v
Install RPM Packages on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install the RPM package on the CentOS 8 system.
Now you can easily download, install, update and erase Rpm packages on your CentOS system.
While working in Linux, you may have seen downloadable files with the .rpm extension.
Rpm files are designed to be downloaded and installed independently, outside of a software repository.
RPM Package Manager (RPM) is a free and open-source package management system for installing, uninstalling and managing software packages in Linux.
How to Download RPM Installation File on Linux ?
1. To install wget in CentOS, enter the following in a terminal window:
$ sudo yum install wget2. To install weget in Fedora, enter the following:
$ sudo dnf install wget3. Now, you can use the wget command to download the .rpm file you want.
Enter the following:
$ wget http://some_website/sample_file.rpm
To check the .rpm file for dependencies using the following command:
# sudo rpm –qpR sample_file.rpmThe system should list all the dependencies:
i. –q – This option tells RPM to query the file
ii. –p – This option lets you specify the target package to query
iii. –R – This lists the requirements for the package
How to install a .rpm file to your Linux CentOS or Fedora system ?
You can use the yum package manager to install .rpm files.
Enter the following:
# sudo yum localinstall sample_file.rpmThe localinstall option instructions yum to look at your current working directory for the installation file.
Change Sudo Password Timeout on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - How to do it ?
This article covers how you can easily change the sudo password timeout by adding a single entry in the sudoers file. If you are using Vi instead of Nano, follow the instructions described here.
You use sudo for some command in the terminal, it asks for the password.
You enter the password, the command runs.
For the subsequent commands, even if they need superuser privileges, you don't need to enter the password again.
After a certain amount of time, when you try to use sudo, it asks for the password again.
It happens because there is a default timeout in Ubuntu and other Linux system for Sudo. In Ubuntu, this default sudo timeout is 15 minutes.
If you think 15 minute is too short or too long you can even change the sudo password timeout in Ubuntu.
To Change sudo password timeout in Ubuntu:
1. Open a terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T) and use the following command:
$ sudo visudoIt will open a file in nano text editor that contains some settings related to sudo.
In here look for the following line:
Defaults env_resetReplace above line with this one:
Defaults env_reset, timestamp_timeout=XXWhere XX is the new timeout value in minutes.
Of course you have to replace the XX with the desired timeout value.
2. Once you are done changing the default sudo password timeout, use Ctrl+X to exit the editor.
It will give you option to save or cancel the changes.
Use Y to save the changes.
Install Putty on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how you can install Putty on your Ubuntu OS. Now you can use your Putty SSH client on Linux to connect to remote systems. For more help regarding Putty, visit its user manual.
PuTTY is a popular terminal emulator for Windows, but it is not only limited to Windows operating system.
Being free and open source, it is popular among Linux users too. PuTTY supports a wide range of protocols such as serial, SSH, Telnet, rlogin, SCP, SFTP etc.
Sysadmins generally use PuTTY as an SSH and telnet client whereas the Maker community widely uses PuTTY for interfacing with the serial ports on their hardware.
PuTTY ships with a command line tool named "psftp", the PuTTY SFTP client, which is used to securely transfer files between computers over an SSH connection.
To install PuTTY on Ubuntu:
1. In order to install Putty, you will need to ensure that the Universe repository is enabled on your Ubuntu system. If it is not already enabled, you can enable it by using the following command in Terminal:
$ sudo add-apt-repository universeWhen prompted for the password, enter the sudo password.
2. After enabling the Universe repository, now you can install Putty on your system. Issue the following command in Terminal in order to do so:
$ sudo apt install putty
When prompted for the password, enter the sudo password.
Install Jenkins on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how you can install Jenkins on Ubuntu OS. For further information about Jenkins, visit its official documentation.
Jenkins is an open-source automation server that can be used to easily set up continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines.
Continuous integration (CI) is a DevOps practice in which team members regularly commit their code changes to the version control repository, after which automated builds and tests are run.
Continuous delivery (CD) is a series of practices where code changes are automatically built, tested, and deployed to production.
To install Jenkins on Ubuntu 20.04 as a standalone service:
1. Run the following commands as root or user with sudo privileges or root to install OpenJDK 11:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install openjdk-11-jdk2. Once the installation is complete, verify it by checking the Java version:
# java -version3. Import the GPG keys of the Jenkins repository using the following wget command:
# wget -q -O - https://pkg.jenkins.io/debian/jenkins.io.key | sudo apt-key add -4. Next, add the Jenkins repository to the system with:
# sudo sh -c 'echo deb http://pkg.jenkins.io/debian-stable binary/ > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jenkins.list'5. Once the Jenkins repository is enabled, update the apt package list and install the latest version of Jenkins by typing:
# sudo apt update
# sudo apt install jenkins6. Jenkins service will automatically start after the installation process is complete. You can verify it by printing the service status:
# systemctl status jenkins
Install AnyDesk On Ubuntu 20.04 / 18.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers methods to Install AnyDesk on Ubuntu 20.04/18.04 Linux.
AnyDesk is a remote server management tool which provides powerful Linux-based connectivity for smooth and seamless remote access to any computer.
AnyDesk can be used comfortably for both individual, teams and in professional organizations offering remote support to customers.
To Install AnyDesk on Ubuntu:
1. Start by ensuring your system is updated.
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt -y upgrade2. Import AnyDesk GPG key for signing APT packages.
$ wget -qO - https://keys.anydesk.com/repos/DEB-GPG-KEY | sudo apt-key add -3. Then add AnyDesk repository content to your Ubuntu system.
$ echo "deb http://deb.anydesk.com/ all main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/anydesk-stable.list4. Finally update apt cache and install the latest release of AnyDesk on Ubuntu.
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install anydesk5. After installation, use the Desktop Applications launcher to start AnyDesk on Ubuntu.
$ anydesk
Install Visual Studio Code on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install the VS code package on CentOS 8 using the command line application. Visual Studio Code is a free and open-source, cross-platform IDE or code editor that enables developers to develop applications and write code using a myriad of programming languages such as C, C++, Python, Go and Java to mention a few.
To Install Visual Studio Code on Debian, Ubuntu and Linux Mint:
1. Update your system by running the command.
$ sudo apt update2. Once updated, proceed and install dependencies required by executing.
$ sudo apt install software-properties-common apt-transport-https3. Next, using the wget command, download the repository and import Microsoft’s GPG key as shown:
$ wget -qO- https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | gpg --dearmor > packages.microsoft.gpg
$ sudo install -o root -g root -m 644 packages.microsoft.gpg /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/
$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/packages.microsoft.gpg] https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/vscode stable main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscode.list'4. Once you’ve enabled the repository, update the system and install Visual Studio Code by running the command:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install code
Install Viber on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how you can install Viber on your Ubuntu system. Also, you will learn how to remove Viber from Ubuntu in case you no longer need it.
Viber is an instant messaging and video calling app that allows you to send instant messages, photos, audio, video files, make free calls, and share your location with other Viber users. Viber was first released for smartphones, then later also developed for desktop users including Windows, Linux, and macOS.
To Install Viber via Deb Package:
1. Issue the following command in Terminal to download Viber .deb installer file.
$ wget https://download.cdn.viber.com/cdn/desktop/Linux/viber.deb2. Issue the following command in Terminal in order to install the viber.deb package.
$ sudo apt install ./viber.debTo Uninstall Viber from Ubuntu:
Run the below command to uninstall Viber from your Ubuntu desktop.
# sudo apt remove viber
Install Podman on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Podman on your system. Podman is the drop-in replacement for Docker on the Red Hat/CentOS/Fedora environments.
This new container technology improves on Docker by decentralizing the components necessary for container management.
Instead of having a single daemon for everything, Podman uses individualized components that are only used when necessary.
Another advantage of Podman is that it can work with pods, in similar fashion to Kubernetes.
To install Podman with the command:
$ sudo apt-get install podman -yWhen the installation completes, verify the installation with the command:
$ podman --version
Install ReactJS on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the method of using ReactJS on a Ubuntu 20.04 system by installing NodeJS and required dependencies on it.
Finally, we demonstrated to you the usage of ReactJS by creating a sample application.
To install npm on Ubuntu Linux, login into your server as a sudo user and invoke the command below:
$ sudo apt install npmOnce the installation is complete, you can verify the version of npm installed using the command:
$ npm --versionTo install the tool, run the following npm command:
$ sudo npm -g install create-react-appOnce installed, you can confirm the version of installed by running:
$ create-react-app --versionHow to Install ReactJS on Ubuntu 20.04?
React or Reacts is a front-end JavaScript library that is used to develop UI components. It is managed by Facebook and open-source developers.
It makes it effortless to create and maintain interactive UI specifically for single-page applications.
Many developers are using it because of its flexibility, integrity, and its feature to bring Html directly into JS.
Many well-known corporations such as Facebook, Uber, and Instagram used the ReactJS framework to create interfaces.
To install npm, open up the terminal and type the following command:
$ sudo apt install npmTo verify if the installation is completed successfully, check the npm version through the command:
$ npm --version
Copy and Paste Text in the Ubuntu 20.04 LTS Linux Terminal - Step by Step ?
This article covers how you can copy and paste text in the Linux Terminal. This saves the time that spends in typing the long commands and text.
When you enter a long command into the Terminal window that you found on the web or in a document, you can save yourself some time by easily copying and pasting the command at the prompt.
To Copy and Paste Text into the Linux Terminal:
1. To begin, highlight the text of the command you want on the webpage or in the document you found.
2. Press Ctrl + C to copy the text.
3. Press Ctrl + Alt + T to open a Terminal window, if one is not already open. Right-click at the prompt and select "Paste" from the popup menu.
4. The text you copied is pasted at the prompt.
5. Press Enter to execute the command.
6. You can also copy text from the Terminal window to paste into other programs.
7. Simply highlight the text, right-click on it, and select "Copy" from the popup menu.
You can paste this text into a text editor, word processor, and so on.
Use of Head Command in Linux - With different examples ?
This article covers how to use head command with all required options.
By using the tail command with a head command, you can also display the last lines of a file on the terminal.
The head command, as the name implies, print the top N number of data of the given input.
By default, it prints the first 10 lines of the specified files.
If more than one file name is provided then data from each file is preceded by its file name.
Head command Syntax:
head [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Change Snap Packages Update Frequency - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to use Snap and how it updates. Snap packages are set to refresh (update) 4 times per day by default.
It should also be noted that automatic updating of snap packages cannot be completely disabled directly from the snapd settings, as there's no option for this (what's up with that?), so if you want to disable this altogether, you'll have to resort to workarounds like blocking the snap update URL, or setting your Internet connection to metered and them using the refresh.metered option to hold the snap refresh process when a metered connection is detected (sudo snap set system refresh.metered=hold).
If you want to check if a certain snap is available from the snap store, use the syntax:
$ snap find [ package name ]To view the current snap refresh (update) schedule for your system, use:
# snap refresh --timeTo change the snap refresh schedule, use:
# sudo snap set system refresh.timer=<frequency>You'll need to replace <frequency> with the snap refresh frequency you want to set for the timer, as defined in the Snapcraft documentation.
Access Google Drive on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how you can access Google drive on Ubuntu. Now you can easily access your Google Drive files directly from the File Manager.
The process involves adding your online Google account to your Gnome Online Accounts list. This configuration then lets you mount your Google Drive account to your Nautilus File Manager.
After mounting, you can access your online files, edit them, and add new files directly from your Ubuntu to your Google Drive.
To Install and Open Gnome Online Accounts:
1. Open the Ubuntu command line, the Terminal, either through the system Dash or the Ctrl+Alt+T shortcut.
2. Once the Terminal application opens, enter the following command as sudo:
$ sudo apt install gnome-online-accountsPlease remember that only an authorized user can add, remove and configure software on Ubuntu.
3. Once the utility is installed on your system, you can open it through one of the following methods:
By entering the following command in your Terminal:
$ gnome-control-center online-accounts
Install CouchDB on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers CouchDB installation on CentOS Linux System.
Apache CouchDB is an open-source database management system, developed by Apache Software Foundation. It is a NoSQL document-store database developed in ErLang.
CouchDB uses multiple formats and protocols to store, transfer, and process its data, it uses JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) to store data, JavaScript as its query language using MapReduce, and HTTP for an API.
Unlike a relational database, a CouchDB database does not store data and relationships in tables. Instead, each database is a collection of independent documents. Each document maintains its own data and self-contained schema.
CouchDB software includes a native web interface i.e. Fauxton for administration of CouchDB database server.
To Install CouchDB Yum Repository on CentOS 8:
1. Create a repo file by using vim editor.
# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/bintray-apache-couchdb-rpm.repo2. And add following directives in this file.
[bintray--apache-couchdb-rpm]
name=bintray--apache-couchdb-rpm
baseurl=http://apache.bintray.com/couchdb-rpm/el$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
enabled=13. Build cache for newly installed yum repositories.
# dnf makecache4. Now we can install CouchDB software by using dnf command.
# dnf install -y couchdb
Install .Net Framework 5 on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to Install .Net Framework 5 on Ubuntu. The .NET Core is a free and open-source software framework designed with keeping Linux and macOS in mind. It is a cross-platform successor to .NET Framework available for Linux, macOS and Windows systems.
.NET Core framework already provides scaffolding tools for bootstrapping projects.
To install .NET SDK on Ubuntu:
The .NET SDK allows you to develop apps with .NET. If you install the .NET SDK, you don't need to install the corresponding runtime. To install the .NET SDK, run the following commands:
# sudo apt-get update; \
sudo apt-get install -y apt-transport-https && \
sudo apt-get update && \
sudo apt-get install -y dotnet-sdk-5.0To Install ASP.NET Core runtime on Ubuntu:
In your terminal, run the following commands:
$ sudo apt-get update; \
sudo apt-get install -y apt-transport-https && \
sudo apt-get update && \
sudo apt-get install -y aspnetcore-runtime-5.0Before you install .NET, run the following commands to add the Microsoft package signing key to your list of trusted keys and add the package repository.
Open a terminal and run the following commands:
$ wget https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/20.04/packages-microsoft-prod.deb -O packages-microsoft-prod.deb
sudo dpkg -i packages-microsoft-prod.deb
Install Blender on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers steps to install Blender on Ubuntu Systems. Blender 3D is a professional open-source 3D graphics and animation software. It has a rich feature set like animations, visual effects, 3D modeling, and motion graphics.
It produces great results and is used in professional film production.
To install Blender 3D on Ubuntu:
1. We need to update our Ubuntu 20.04 system before installing Blender 3D on it. This can be done with the following command:
$ sudo apt-get update2. Now, we can install Blender 3D on our Ubuntu 20.04 system with the following command:
$ sudo apt install blenderDuring the installation of this software, you will be asked to provide confirmation for this action by typing in "y" and then pressing the Enter key.
Install Ansible on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install and configure Ansible on Ubuntu 20.04. Ansible is a widely used automation tool in DevOps and used by thousands of developers and sysadmins to configure and deploy applications on servers.
It saves time and minimizes the effort required to handle a multitude of servers in a complex IT infrastructure.
To install Ansible on Ubuntu:
1. First, refresh your system’s package index with:
# sudo apt update2. Following this update, you can install the Ansible software with:
$ sudo apt install ansiblePress Y when prompted to confirm installation.
To check if Ansible is able to connect to these servers and run commands via SSH:
From your local machine or Ansible control node, run:
$ ansible all -m ping -u rootThis command will use Ansible's built-in ping module to run a connectivity test on all nodes from your default inventory, connecting as root.
The ping module will test:
i. if hosts are accessible;
ii. if you have valid SSH credentials;
iii. if hosts are able to run Ansible modules using Python.
Install Mono on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install and use Mono on CentOS 8 system. Mono is a platform for developing and running cross-platform applications based on the ECMA/ISO Standards.
It is a free and open-source implementation of Microsoft’s .NET framework.
To Verify the installation by running the following command that prints the Mono version:
$ mono --version
Install and Configure Fail2ban on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the installation of Fail2ban and the configuration of an sshd filter. There are so many options to configure but we focused on the basic ones. Feel free to peruse the Fail2ban man pages by running man fail2ban to discover what more you can do with it.
Fail2ban is a free, open-source and widely used intrusion prevention tool that scans log files for IP addresses that show malicious signs such as too many password failures, and much more, and it bans them (updates firewall rules to reject the IP addresses).
By default, it ships with filters for various services including sshd.
To install and configure Fail2ban on CentOS/RHEL 8:
1. After logging into your system, access a command-line interface, then enable the EPEL repository on your system:
# dnf install epel-releaseOR
# dnf install https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm2. Afterward, install the Fail2ban package by running the following command:
# dnf install fail2ban3. To start and enable the fail2ban service for now and check if it is up and running using the following systemctl command:
# systemctl start fail2ban
# systemctl enable fail2ban
# systemctl status fail2ban
Manage Disk Volumes in RHEL / CentOS Linux - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to Manage Disk Volumes in Linux. Disk drives management is one of the most repeated and important tasks for every System Administrator which is considered one of the critical activities. Also, you will be able to increase the disk on your system.
Linux needs at least one partition, namely for its root file system and we can't install Linux OS without partitions.
Once created, a partition must be formatted with an appropriate file system before files can be written to it.
Facts about fdisk Command?
1. fdisk stands for fixed disk or format disk is a cli utility that allow users to perform following actions on disks.
2. It allows us to view, create, resize, delete, move and copy the partitions.
3. It understands MBR, Sun, SGI and BSD partition tables and it doesn't understand GUID Partition Table (GPT) and it is not designed for large partitions.
4. fdisk allows us to create a maximum of four primary partitions per disk.
5. One of these may be an extended partition and it holds multiple logical partitions.
Install LAMP Stack on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the installation of the LAMP stack (i.e., Linux, Apache, MariaDB, and PHP) on RHEL 8.
LAMP stands for Linux, Apache, MariaDB/MySQL and PHP, all of which are open source.
With the yum commands below, install LAMP stack:
# Will automatically update
$ sudo yum -y update# Will automatically install Apache/HTTPD
$ sudo yum -y install httpdTo Install MariaDB Database Server on CentOS 8/RHEL 8:
1. Enter the following command to install MariaDB on CentOS 8/RHEL 8.
# dnf install mariadb-server mariadb -y2. After it's installed, we need to start it.
# systemctl start mariadb3. Enable auto start at system boot time.
# systemctl enable mariadb4. Check status:
# systemctl status mariadb
Install and Use Docker Compose on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install and use the Docker-compose on CentOS 8 system. By using the Docker-compose, you can deploy multiple Docker applications with container services through a single command.
Basically, Docker Compose is a tool that can be used to define and run multiple containers as a single service. With Docker Compose, you can link multiple containers and deploy an application from a single command.
It is mainly used in the development, testing and staging environment.
Docker Compose uses a YAML file to define a complex stack in a file and running it with a single command.
To install Docker on CentOS:
1. Before starting, make sure you have Docker installed on your server. If not installed, you will need to add Docker-CE repository to your system.
You can add it with the following command:
$ dnf config-manager --add-repo=https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo2. Once the repository is added, install the latest version of docker using the following command:
# dnf install docker-ce --nobest -y
# systemctl start docker
# systemctl enable docker3. You can verify the docker version with the following command:
$ docker --version
Install AWX on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install ansible AWX on Ubuntu 20.04. You have got a basic idea about managing hosts, inventories, and projects from AWX ansible.
Ansible AWX is an open source tool which provides a web-based user interface, REST API, and task engine for easy and collaborative management of Ansible Playbooks and Inventories.
AWX allows you to centrally manage Ansible playbooks, inventories, Secrets, and scheduled jobs from a web interface.
To Install Ansible on Ubuntu:
Run the following commands,
# sudo apt update
# sudo apt install ansible
Add a User to Sudoers on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to add a user to sudoers using different methods, limit root access with sudo and remove a user from sudoers.
Sudo is a very handy tool for system administrators that allow them to provide root access to a user with granularity.
Steps to Add Sudo User on Ubuntu ?
1. Log into the system with a root user or an account with sudo privileges.
2. Open a terminal window and add a new user with the command:
# adduser newuserThe adduser command creates a new user, plus a group and home directory for that user.
You may get an error message that you have insufficient privileges. (This typically only happens for non-root users.) Get around it by entering:
# sudo adduser newuser3. You can replace newuser with any username you wish. The system will add the new user; then prompt you to enter a password. Enter a great secure password, then retype it to confirm.
To Add User to Sudo Group:
1. In a terminal, enter the command:
# usermod -aG sudo newuserReplace newuser with the username that you entered in Step 1.
Again, if you get an error, run the command with sudo as follows:
# sudo usermod -aG sudo newuserThe -aG option tells the system to append the user to the specified group. (The -a option is only used with G).
Install Apache OpenOffice on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Apache OpenOffice on CentOS 8. Apache OpenOffice is a software bundle which contains various software tools like word processor, spreadsheet, database management, and so on. It is very much similar to other popular editors like Libreoffice and NeoOffice.
Main features and tools provided by OpenOffice:
1. Writer a word processor you can use for anything from writing a quick letter to producing an entire book.
2. Calc a powerful spreadsheet with all the tools you need to calculate, analyze, and present your data in numerical reports or sizzling graphics.
3. Impress the fastest, most powerful way to create effective multimedia presentations.
4. Draw lets you produce everything from simple diagrams to dynamic 3D illustrations.
5. Base lets you manipulate databases seamlessly. Create and modify tables, forms, queries, and reports, all from within Apache OpenOffice.
6. Math lets you create mathematical equations with a graphic user interface or by directly typing your formulas into the equation editor.
Install and Use Kaffeine in Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Kaffeine on Ubuntu 20.04 system. Kaffeine is the media player that is used for playing different videos and audios in various formats. Not only this but users run files from external devices like DVDs and CDs.
Kaffeine provides the additional functionality of playing live digital television.
Install kaffeine by entering the following commands in the terminal:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install kaffeine
Change User Password in Ubuntu Linux - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how you can change user password in Linux either graphically or using the command line. Both Linux and UNIX-like operating systems use the passwd command to change user password.
This applies to any Linux distribution, including Alpine, Arch, Ubuntu, Debian, RHEL, Fedora, Oracle CentOS, SUSE/OpenSUSE and other popular Linux distros.
The passwd is used to update a user's authentication token (password) stored in /etc/shadow file.
To Set User Password in Linux:
Type following passwd command to change your own password:
$ passwdTo see all user account try grep command or cat command as follows:
$ cat /etc/passwd
$ grep '^userNameHere' /etc/passwd
$ grep '^linuxapt' /etc/passwd
Install OpenOffice on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to perform the installation of the latest version of OpenOffice on the Ubuntu 20.04 system. Once installed users can easily use this application suite to make use of the different sub-modules.
Apache OpenOffice is a free and open-source office productivity software suite similar to LibreOffice and Microsoft Office suite.
Main features of Apache OpenOffice:
1. Writer a word processor you can use for anything from writing a quick letter to producing an entire book.
2. Calc a powerful spreadsheet with all the tools you need to calculate, analyze, and present your data in numerical reports or sizzling graphics.
3. Impress the fastest, most powerful way to create effective multimedia presentations.
4. Draw lets you produce everything from simple diagrams to dynamic 3D illustrations.
5. Base lets you manipulate databases seamlessly. Create and modify tables, forms, queries, and reports, all from within Apache OpenOffice.
6. Math lets you create mathematical equations with a graphic user interface or by directly typing your formulas into the equation editor.
To Uninstall LibreOffice on Ubuntu:
1. Uninstall LibreOffice on Ubuntu by running commands below in your terminal.
$ sudo apt-get remove --purge libreoffice*This will remove LibreOffice and its dependencies.
2. Next is to clear out the local repository of LibreOffice packages.
$ sudo apt clean3. Clear all LibreOffice dependencies that are orphaned – no longer required.
$ sudo apt-get autoremove
Install Docker CE on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to perform Docker installation and Configuration. Also, you will learn how to install Docker CE on the CentOS 8 system. Docker container technology allows you to run applications in a specific and isolated environment.
Docker Community Edition (CE) is the new name for the free Docker product.
To Install Docker CE on Linux:
1. Remove all existing docker applications (that might currently be installed) in order to make sure we are using a clean installation.:
# yum remove docker docker-client docker-client-latest docker-common docker-latest docker-latest-logrotate docker-logrotate docker-engine2. Add an external repository that will help us obtain the Docker software:
# dnf config-manager --add-repo=https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo3. Check what versions of docker we have in the repository:
# dnf list docker-ce4. Install the version that best matches our CentOS server version:
# dnf install docker-ce --nobest5. We can double-check if the installation was successful by using the version command:
# docker -v
Install Postfix on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the installation of Postfix on the Ubuntu 20.04 system. Also, We perform the configuration to send and receive the emails in an accurate manner.
Postfix was originally designed as a replacement for Sendmail – the traditional SMTP server on Unix. In comparison, Postfix is more secure and easier to configure.
It is compatible with Sendmail, so if you uninstall Sendmail and replace it with Postfix, your existing scripts and programs will continue to work seamlessly.
To install Postfix on Ubuntu:
Postfix is included in Ubuntu's default repositories, so you can install it with APT.
1. To begin, update your local apt package cache:
$ sudo apt update2. Then install the postfix package with the following command. Note that here we pass the DEBIAN_PRIORITY=low environmental variable into this installation command. This will cause the installation process to prompt you to configure some additional options:
$ sudo DEBIAN_PRIORITY=low apt install postfixNote: If you need to ever return to change Postfix settings, you can do so by running:
$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure postfix
Install Gitlab on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to setup Gitlab on CentOS Linux.
Gitlab is an application tool that is used for source code management. It allows you to plan your development process; code, and verify; package software, and release it with an in-built continuous delivery feature; automate configurations management, and monitor software performance.
To be able to access the GitLab interface you'll need to open ports 80 and 443.
To do so run the following commands:
$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=http
$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=https
$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload
To install Postfix service to send notification emails, and enable it to start at system boot, then check if it is up and running using following commands:
# yum install postfix
# systemctl start postfix
# systemctl enable postfix
# systemctl status postfix
Hide Files Inside Images in Ubuntu Using Steganography - Steps to do it ?
This article covers how to hide files inside images through four different methods including both the command line and the graphical methods.
You can simply embed the confidential data, along with a password or passkey so that only a trusted person can open that file.
This type of encryption where you hide one file securely into another is called Steganography.
How to install Steghide utility via command line on Ubuntu ?
1. To install the latest version of this tool, open the Ubuntu Terminal and first update your repository index through the following command as sudo:
$ sudo apt update2. Now install the steghide utility through the following command:
$ sudo apt-get install steghideTo Remove / Uninstall Steghide tool from Debian:
Whenever you want to uninstall the Steghide tool from your system, simply enter the following command as sudo:
$ sudo apt-get remove steghide
Install YakYak on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Google Hangouts on the Ubuntu 20.04 system. Users can use YakYak to install the Google Hangouts application on their Linux systems. Basically, go through this guide to install YakYak on your Linux System.
YakYak is a free, open-source Google Hangouts client that works on Windows, macOS and (hurrah) Linux desktops.
To Install yakyak – Google Hangouts on Ubuntu / Debian:
1. Download and install the downloaded package.
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt-get -y install wget
$ wget https://github.com/yakyak/yakyak/releases/download/v${VER}/yakyak-${VER}-linux-amd64.deb2. If you're running a 32-bit system, download.
$ wget https://github.com/yakyak/yakyak/releases/download/v${VER}/yakyak-${VER}-linux-i386.deb3. Install the package using dpkg command line tool.
$ sudo dpkg -i yakyak-${VER}-linux-amd64.debor
$ sudo dpkg -i yakyak-${VER}-linux-i386.debTo Install yakyak – Google Hangouts on CentOS / Fedora / RHEL:
1. For RHEL family line of distributions, you need to download and install from an rpm package.
$ sudo yum -y install wget
$ wget https://github.com/yakyak/yakyak/releases/download/v${VER}/yakyak-${VER}-linux-x86_64.rpm2. For 32-bit system, get,
$ wget https://github.com/yakyak/yakyak/releases/download/v${VER}/yakyak-${VER}-linux-i386.rpm3. After the download, install the package using rpm -Uvh
$ sudo rpm -ivh yakyak-${VER}-linux-x86_64.rpmor for 32-bit:
$ sudo rpm -ivh yakyak-${VER}-linux-i386.rpm
Install Nmap on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers different methods to install Nmap on Ubuntu. If you want to learn how to use nmap, visit our guide on 15 Mostly Used Nmap Commands for Scanning Remote Hosts .
Nmap works by sending data packets on a specific target (by IP) and by interpreting the incoming packets to determine what posts are open/closed, what services are running on the scanned system, whether firewalls or filters are set up and enabled, and finally what operating system is running.
To install Nmap on Ubuntu:
1. Make sure the software packages on your Ubuntu system are up-to-date with the command:
$ sudo apt-get update2. To install NMAP on Ubuntu, run the command:
$ sudo apt-get install nmapThe system prompts you to confirm and continue by typing y and pressing Enter.
3. To verify the installation was successful and to determine the current version of Nmap:
$ nmap --version
Wall Command in Linux with Examples - Learn Now
This article covers how Wall command works in Linux. Wall is a handy utility that helps a multi-user system admin to quickly notify other users to save their work before a system shutdown or reboots.
Here, you will see some examples of how to use the wall command to communicate with logged-in users.
There are times when multiple users are logged in to a server computer, and you - the system/network admin - need to, say, restart the server to perform some maintenance task.
Of course, the correct way is to inform all those who are logged in about the maintenance activity.
In Linux, there is a built in command line utility for this purpose called Wall.
What is wall command in Linux ?
As already mentioned, the wall command is used to send a message to all logged in users.
It's syntax is:
$ wall [-n] [-t TIMEOUT] [file]How to use wall command?
Basic usage is very straight forward - just execute the 'wall' command and write the message you want to transmit on the standard input.
Once done, use the Ctrl+D key combination to signal the command that you're done writing the message:
$ wallHow to remove header from broadcasted message?
In case you want to remove the header that appears with the broadcasted messages, you can do that using the -n command line option:
$ wall -n
Undo the Last Commit in Git - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to use the git reset command to undo the last commit in Git.
To Undo the Last Commit:
The "reset" command is your best friend:
$ git reset --soft HEAD~1Reset will rewind your current HEAD branch to the specified revision. Here, our goal is to return to the one before the current revision - effectively making our last commit undone.
To Undo Last Commit with revert:
In order to revert the last Git commit, use the "git revert" and specify the commit to be reverted which is "HEAD" for the last commit of your history.
$ git revert HEAD
The "git revert" command is slightly different from the "git reset" command because it will record a new commit with the changes introduced by reverting the last commit.
As a consequence, you will have to commit the changes again for the files to be reverted and for the commit to be undone.
Zoom Video Filters not Available in Linux ?
This article covers methods to fix Zoom Video Filters not Available in Linux.
Zoom Video Filters turned ON but no filters available
just close zoom and login when you reopen it. problem solved.
You need to sign up for a free account on Zoom to use video filters.
How to get video filters on Zoom?
Here are the steps to add video filters on Zoom:
1. Click on your profile picture which can be found in the top-right corner of the screen.
2. Click on the 'Settings' option from the dropdown menu.
3. From the Settings menu, click on the 'Video' tab which is the second option.
4. Here, you need to look for an option labelled 'Touch up my appearance'. You need to enable this feature by checking the box besides the option.
How to resolve Zoom video filters not showing ?
Several users on social media have been reporting that they are unable to view the Zoom filters on their computer.
If you are one of the users facing this issue, you should note that you may not be able to see the filter if you are accessing the service using a web browser.
You will need to install the latest version of Zoom desktop client on your system and sign in to view the filters.
Install FileZilla on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install FileZilla on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS system. Also we mentioned the steps to remove FileZilla in case you need to so.
FileZilla is a ftp client for both windows & linux operating system. It is a powerful client for plain FTP, FTP over SSL/TLS (FTPS) and the SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP).
To Install FileZilla from command line on Ubuntu / Debian:
Use the following commands.
$sudo apt-get update
$sudo apt-get install filezillaFirst command synchronizes the configured repositories.
This command is used to ensure that always the latest version of the software is installed.
Install Netdata Monitoring Tool on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install and configure Netdata on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS and different metrics visualized in it. Netdata provides an excellent solution for monitoring your single node in real-time. You can configure alarms and notifications which can be triggered when a certain event or threshold is exceeded.
To install Netdata on Ubuntu:
1. You can install netdata on Ubuntu by running the following commands.
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install netdata Press 'y' if confirmation prompted by the installer.
2. Edit netdata configuration file in your favorite text editor.
$ sudo vim /etc/netdata/netdata.conf 3. After modifying its configuration file, you can Save your file and restart netdata service:
$ sudo systemctl restart netdata
Install VMware Workstation Player on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install VMware Workstation on your instance of Ubuntu 20.04. With a virtual machine application like VMware, you can run another operating system inside your current operating system.
To Install VMware in Ubuntu:
1. Install required build packages
Open a terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T) and use the command below to install required build packages and Linux Kernel headers:
$ sudo apt install build-essential2. Download VMware Workstation Player
Next step is to download the VMware Workstation Player from their website.
https://www.vmware.com/products/workstation-player.html
3. Install VMware Player
4. Use the command below to make the file executable:
$ chmod +x ~/Downloads/VMware-Player*5. And then run the installation file:
$ sudo ~/Downloads/VMware-Player*This will open an installation window.
To Uninstall VMware Player from Ubuntu:
If, for some reasons, you want to uninstall VMware Player, use the following command:
$ sudo /usr/bin/vmware-installer -u vmware-playerPress "Enter" and VMware Player will be removed from your system.
Sort command in Ubuntu Linux with examples
This article covers the basic syntax and usage of the sort command in Ubuntu Linux. To view help and learn about more sort options, visit the sort man page or type sort –help in Terminal.
sort is a simple and very useful command which will rearrange the lines in a text file so that they are sorted, numerically and alphabetically.
By default, the rules for sorting are:
1. Lines starting with a number will appear before lines starting with a letter.
2. Lines starting with a letter that appears earlier in the alphabet will appear before lines starting with a letter that appears later in the alphabet.
3. Lines starting with a lowercase letter will appear before lines starting with the same letter in uppercase.
Install Docker in Ubuntu 20.04 and Run Nginx Container - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install docker, pull docker images from docker hub and run an application in a container. Also, you will learn how to create persistent data storage and map with docker containers.
The open-source Docker platform contains a docker engine, a runtime environment that is used to execute, builds, and orchestrates containers.
Facts about Docker Compose configurations file:
1. version: Compose file version which is compatible with the Docker Engine. You can check compatibility here.
2. image: We use latest Nginx and Certbot images available in Docker hub.
volumes:
3. public: we have configured this directory to be synced with the directory we wish to use as the web root inside the container.
4. conf.d: here we will place the Nginx configuration file to be synced with the default Nginx conf.d folder inside the container.
5. certbot/conf: this is where we will receive the SSL certificate and this will be synced with the folder we wish to inside the container.
6. ports: configure the container to listen upon the listed ports.
7. command: the command used to receive the SSL certificate.
To Start Docker Containers:
You need to pass the -d flag which starts the container in background and leaves them running.
$ docker-compose up -d
Install MySQL Version 8 on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to Install MySQL Version 8 on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8. Now, you should now have a fully functioning MySQL server version 8 running on your Server.
To Install MySQL 8.0 On CentOS 8 / RHEL 8:
1. Install MySQL 8.0 from MySQL Dev Community
Add the official repository of MySQL to install the MySQL community server:
$ rpm -ivh https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql80-community-release-el8-1.noarch.rpmMake sure the MySQL repository has been added and enabled by using the following command:
$ yum repolist all | grep mysql | grep enabledTo Manage MySQL server Service on Linux:
1. After the installation of MySQL, start MySQL server service using the following command:
$ systemctl start mysqld2. The below command will Enable MySQL server at system startup:
$ systemctl enable mysqld3. Verify that MySQL server is started using the following command:
$ systemctl status mysqld
Install FileZilla on Debian 10 - Step by Step process ?
This article covers the installation of FileZilla on Debian 10. FileZilla is a powerful open-source FTP client that comes in handy when you simply want to access your FTP server and manage files.
To install FileZilla on Debian Linux System:
1. Login to the Debian 10 system and run below apt command to update package index:
$ sudo apt update2. Install FileZilla using command-line, run following apt command:
$ sudo apt install -y filezilla3. Once FileZilla and its dependencies are installed successfully, run below command to verify the FileZilla version:
$ filezilla --version
15 Key Nmap Commands for Scanning Remote Hosts - Check them out now ?
This article covers Nmap commands that you can use to get started with scanning your remote hosts. There are hundreds upon hundreds of Nmap commands and Nmap scripts that are used for scanning hosts and probing for any vulnerabilities.
Nmap, or Network Mapper, is an open source Linux command line tool for network exploration and security auditing. With Nmap, server administrators can quickly reveal hosts and services, search for security issues, and scan for open ports.
The Nmap tool can audit and discover local and remote open ports, as well as network information and hosts.
With the right Nmap commands, you can quickly find out information about ports, routes, and firewalls.
Install Skype on Debian 10 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to easily install Skype on Debian 10. Skype is one of the most popular communication applications in the world.
It allows you to make free online audio and video calls and affordable international calling to mobiles and landlines worldwide.
To Skype on Debian Linux System:
Perform the following steps as root or user with sudo privileges to install Skype on your Debian Buster:
1. Open your terminal and enter the following wget command to download the latest Skype deb package:
$ wget https://go.skype.com/skypeforlinux-64.deb2. Once the download is complete, install Skype by typing:
$ sudo apt install ./skypeforlinux-64.debThat's it. Skype has been installed on your Debian desktop, and you can start using it.
Add User to Group in Ubuntu Linux - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to add a user to a group on Ubuntu Linux System. If you want to learn about adding or removing a user on Linux OS, you can follow our guide on How to Add and Remove Users on Linux .
User accounts can be assigned to one or more groups on Linux. You can configure file permissions and other privileges by group. For example, on Ubuntu, only users in the sudo group can use the sudo command to gain elevated permissions.
To Add a New Group on Ubuntu Linux:
If you want to create a new group on your system, use the groupadd command following command, replacing new_group with the name of the group you want to create:
$ sudo groupadd mynewgroupTo Add an Existing User Account to a Group:
To add an existing user account to a group on your system, use the usermod command, replacing examplegroup with the name of the group you want to add the user to andexampleusername with the name of the user you want to add:
$ usermod -a -G examplegroup exampleusername
Create SFTP User with Specified Directory Permissions in Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers steps to setup and new SFTP server by making the ssh configuration changes, adding new users, and assigning the required directory permissions. You can add as many users as you want or simply create a new group and make new users part of that group.
FTP is a great protocol for accessing and transferring files, but it has the shortcoming of being a clear text protocol.
In other words, it's not secure to use over an internet connection, since your credentials and data are transmitted without encryption.
The 'S' in SFTP stands for 'Secure' and tunnels the FTP protocol through SSH, providing the encryption needed to establish a secure connection.
To Configure SSH daemon on Ubuntu:
1. SFTP requires SSH, so if SSH server is not already installed on your system, install it with the following command:
$ sudo apt install ssh2. Once SSH is installed, we need to make some changes to the SSHD configuration file. Use nano or your favorite text editor to open it:
$ sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config3. Scroll to the bottom of the file and add the following 5 lines at the very end and save file:
Match group sftp
ChrootDirectory /home
X11Forwarding no
AllowTcpForwarding no
ForceCommand internal-sftp4. Restart the SSH service for these new changes to take effect:
$ sudo systemctl restart ssh
Manage Firewall Rules with UFW on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
This article covers how to secure Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 with UFW. UFW may not be intended to provide complete firewall functionality, but it does provide an easy way to create and manage simple firewall rules.
A firewall is a way to protect machines from any unwanted traffic from outside.
It enables users to control incoming network traffic on host machines by defining a set of firewall rules.
These rules are used to sort the incoming traffic and either block it or allow through.
Note that firewalld with nftables backend does not support passing custom nftables rules to firewalld, using the --direct option.
How to start, stop, restart firewalld service on an RHEL 8?
By now you know about firewalld zones, services, and how to view the defaults. It is time to activate and configure our firewall.
1. Start and enable firewalld
$ sudo systemctl start firewalld
$ sudo systemctl enable firewalld2. Stop and disable firewalld
$ sudo systemctl stop firewalld
$ sudo systemctl disable firewalld3. Check the firewalld status
$ sudo firewall-cmd --state4. Command to reload a firewalld configuration when you make change to rules
$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload5. Get the status of the firewalld service
$ sudo systemctl status firewalldWhen to use firewalld, nftables, or iptables:
1. firewalld: Use the firewalld utility for simple firewall use cases. The utility is easy to use and covers the typical use cases for these scenarios.
2. nftables: Use the nftables utility to set up complex and performance critical firewalls, such as for a whole network.
3. iptables: The iptables utility on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 uses the nf_tables kernel API instead of the legacy back end.
The nf_tables API provides backward compatibility so that scripts that use iptables commands still work on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8. For new firewall scripts, Red Hat recommends to use nftables.
Backup and Restore MySQL Databases on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to take Backups and restore a MySQL database on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.
Advantage of logical backup:
The main advantage of logical backup over physical backup is portability and flexibility.
The data can be restored on other hardware configurations, MariaDB versions or Database Management System (DBMS), which is not possible with physical backups.
Note that physical backup must be performed when the mariadb.service is not running or all tables in the database are locked to prevent changes during the backup.
The mysqldump client is a backup utility, which can can be used to dump a database or a collection of databases for the purpose of a backup or transfer to another database server.
The output of mysqldump typically consists of SQL statements to re-create the server table structure, populate it with data, or both.
Alternatively, mysqldump can also generate files in other formats, including CSV or other delimited text formats, and XML.
Advantages of Physical backup:
1. Output is more compact.
2. Backup is smaller in size.
3. Backup and restore are faster.
4. Backup includes log and configuration files.
You can use one of the following MariaDB backup approaches to back up data from a MariaDB database:
1. Logical backup with mysqldump
2. Physical online backup using the Mariabackup tool
3. File system backup
4. Replication as a backup solution
To Backing up an entire database with mysqldump:
Execute the command:
# mysqldump [options] db_name > backup-file.sqlUsing mysqldump to back up a set of tables from one database:
To back up a subset of tables from one database, add a list of the chosen tables at the end of the mysqldump command:
# mysqldump [options] db_name [tbl_name …]To restore the data while keeping the original backup files, use the following procedure:
1. Run the mariabackup command with the --copy-back option:
$ mariabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/var/mariadb/backup/2. Fix the file permissions.
When restoring a database, Mariabackup preserves the file and directory privileges of the backup. However, Mariabackup writes the files to disk as the user and group restoring the database.
For example, to recursively change ownership of the files to the mysql user and group:
# chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql/
3. Start the mariadb service:
# systemctl start mariadb.service
Install LibreOffice on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers LibreOffice installation on CentOS 8 distribution. LibreOffice is a powerful and open-source office suite that can be used on Linux, Mac as well as on Windows.
It provides various features such as word documentation, spreadsheets, data processing, drawing, presentation design, Math calculation, and more.
How to uninstall Old LibreOffice or OpenOffice Versions ?
If any previously installed LibreOffice or OpenOffice versions you have, remove it using following command.
# yum remove openoffice* libreoffice* [on RedHat based Systems]$ sudo apt-get remove openoffice* libreoffice* [On Debian based Systems]
Install and Use Flatpak on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the different commands for Flatpak installation on Ubuntu 20.04 system. Here, you will learn how you can install an application through Flatpak software. Also you will see the two different removal processes of Flatpak.
Flatpak is a universal package system for software deployments, application virtualization, and most importantly package management that works on all Linux distros.
With a Flatpak package, you don’t need to worry about any dependencies and libraries as everything is already bundled within the application itself.
To Install Flatpak through Ubuntu Official Repository:
1. Update your system's repository index through the following command:
$ sudo apt-get update2. Now you are ready to install Flatpak; you can do so by running the following command as sudo:
$ sudo apt-get install flatpak3. You can check the version number of the application, and also verify that it is indeed installed on your system, through the following command:
$ flatpak --versionTo Install Flatpak on OpenSUSE.
To enable Flatpak on OpenSUSE invoke the command:
$ sudo zypper install flatpakTo Install Flatpak on ArchLinux / Manjaro.
Finally, to enable Flatpak on Arch Linux and its flavors, invoke the command:
$ sudo pacman -S flatpakHow to remove Flatpak from Ubuntu?
This was all you needed to know about Flatpak. If you want, you can remove it through the following commands:
$ sudo apt-get remove flatpakIf you have installed the package from the PPA, you can remove the PPA through the following command:
$ sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/alexlarsson-ubuntu-flatpak-bionic.list
Install Atom Text Editor on Debian 10 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install Atom text editor on the Debian system. Atom is a very powerful text editor.
The Atom user interface is very clean and it has support for many important features such as split view, Git integration and so on. Atom is cross platform. It runs on Linux, Windows and macOS.
To Enable snaps on Debian and install Atom:
Snaps are applications packaged with all their dependencies to run on all popular Linux distributions from a single build. They update automatically and roll back gracefully.
1. Enable snapd
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install snapd
$ sudo snap install core2. To install Atom, simply use the following command:
$ sudo snap install atom --classicTo Update Atom Text Editor on Debian:
You can update the Atom when a new version is available. You can update it through your desktop standard Software Update tool.
Alternatively, you can update by running the following commands in your terminal:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade
Install TeamViewer on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install TeamViewer on Ubuntu 20.04 via the command-line and GUI. You can also explore our related how-tos for Debian and CentOS .
TeamViewer is a cross-platform solution that can be used for remote control, desktop sharing and file transfer between computers.
To Install TeamViewer on Ubuntu:
1. Open your terminal either by using the Ctrl+Alt+T keyboard shortcut or by clicking on the terminal icon.
Download the latest TeamViewer .deb package with the following wget command:
$ wget https://download.teamviewer.com/download/linux/teamviewer_amd64.deb2. Install TeamViewer
Install the TeamViewer .deb package by issuing the following command as a user with sudo privileges:
$ sudo apt install ./teamviewer_amd64.debAt the prompt Do you want to continue? [Y/n], type Y to continue the installation.
To Uninstall TeamViewer from Ubuntu System:
1. In order to uninstall TeamViewer from your system without removing any configurations you might have made, enter the following command as sudo:
$ sudo apt remove teamviewerThe system will prompt you with a Y/n option in order to begin the uninstall procedure. Please enter Y and hit Enter to begin. TeamViewer will then be removed from your system.
2. If you have made any configurations, you can remove TeamViewer and all those by using the following command:
$ sudo apt purge teamviewer
Set Up Postman on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the method of installation of Postman on the Ubuntu 20.04 system. Also, we explored the method to set up Postman and how to send a request for the first time.
Here, you will also learn the method of removing Postman application from system.
Postman is a complete API development platform that helps you manage your APIs in every stage of development, from designing and testing, to publishing API documentation and monitoring.
Postman started as a Chrome browser extension and quickly became one of the most widely used API tools by developers all over the world.
Installing Postman on Ubuntu:
The easiest way is to install Postman on Ubuntu is by using the snappy packaging system.
Snaps are self-contained software packages that include the binary all dependencies needed to run the application. Snap packages can be installed from either the command-line or via the Ubuntu Software application.
To install the Postman snap, open your terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T) and run the following command as a user with sudo privileges :
$ sudo snap install postman
Install VirtualBox on CentOS 8 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the complete installation guide of VirtualBox on the CentOS 8 system.
Oracle VirtualBox is a virtualization software solution that allows you to create and run virtual machines on a single hardware machine.
With VirtualBox, your existing operating system stays unaffected by the virtual environment.
To Start VirtualBox on Linux:
Use the command:
$ VirtualBoxThe VirtualBox manager interface will prompt you.
Alternatively, you can use the graphical interface and access the application:
Application >> System Tools >> Oracle VM VirtualBox
Install IntelliJ IDEA on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers the different methods to install IntelliJ IDEA on Ubuntu 20.04 Linux system. Basically, In developing Java applications, IntelliJ IDEA is arguably one of the most ergonomic and formidable IDEs there is.
It ships with all the right tools and a set of plugins to make coding a seamless exercise.
To Install IntelliJ IDEA from command line on Ubuntu:
1. Start by opening a terminal window and execution of the bellow apt command. Select your preferred version to install:
$ sudo snap install intellij-idea-community --classicOR
$ sudo snap install intellij-idea-ultimate --classicOR
$ sudo snap install intellij-idea-educational --classic2. You can start the IntelliJ IDEA using the below command:
$ intellij-idea-communityOR
$ intellij-idea-ultimateOR
$ intellij-idea-educational
Install and Configure Redis in Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by step Process ?
This article covers the installing and configuring the Redis server on Ubuntu 20.04. #Redis is an in-memory key-value store known for its flexibility, performance, and wide language support. You can use it as a Memcached alternative to store simple key-value pairs.
To Install and Configure Redis on Ubuntu:
In order to get the latest version of Redis, we will use apt to install it from the official Ubuntu repositories.
1. Update your local apt package cache and install Redis by typing:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install redis-serverThis will download and install Redis and its dependencies.
2. Following this, there is one important configuration change to make in the Redis configuration file, which was generated automatically during the installation.
Open this file with your preferred text editor:
$ sudo nano /etc/redis/redis.confInside the file, find the supervised directive. This directive allows you to declare an init system to manage Redis as a service, providing you with more control over its operation. The supervised directive is set to no by default. Since you are running Ubuntu, which uses the systemd init system, change this to systemd.
3. Start by checking that the Redis service is running:
$ sudo systemctl status redis4. If, however, you prefer to start up Redis manually every time your server boots, you can configure this with the following command:
$ sudo systemctl disable redis5. To test that Redis is functioning correctly, connect to the server using the command-line client:
$ redis-cli6. To restart Redis:
$ sudo systemctl restart redis.service
Install CouchDB on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step Process ?
This article covers how to install CouchDB on Ubuntu Linux System. Apache offers us various options for working with data and information on the web and one of its many derivations is Apache CouchDB.
CouchDB is a popular NoSQL database developed and maintained by Apache Foundation since 2005.
It is an open-source database written in Erlang language that provides a RESTful API that users can use to create and modify database objects.
Main Features of CouchDB:
1. CouchDB has a clustered database, thus allowing you to run a logical database server regardless of the number of servers or virtual machines.
2. By using apache CouchDB we have a single node database which acts under an application server.
3. It makes use of the HTTP protocol and the JSON data format, being compatible with any software that supports them.
4. CouchDB's unique replication protocol generates "Offline First" applications for mobile applications and other environments that have infrastructure
high impact network.
To install Apache CouchDB on Ubuntu:
1. Enable the Apache CouchDB repository, for this we download and install the GPG key with the following command:
$ curl -L https://couchdb.apache.org/repo/bintray-pubkey.asc | sudo apt-key add - 2. Now we add the repository, for this we execute:
$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list 3. At the bottom we add the line:
deb https://apache.bintray.com/couchdb-deb focal main 4. We save the changes using the following key combination:
Ctrl + OAnd exit the editor using:
Ctrl + X5. We update the operating system with the following command.
$ sudo apt update6. Next, we install Apache CouchDB:
$ sudo apt install apache2 couchdb To see the status of Apache CouchDB, run the command:
$ sudo systemctl status couchdb.service
Check Open Ports on Ubuntu 20.04 Linux - How to do it ?
This article covers some common tools that can be used to check the open ports on a Linux system. It is important you verify which ports are listening on the server's network interfaces. You need to pay attention to open ports to detect an intrusion.
Apart from an intrusion, for troubleshooting purposes, it may be necessary to check if a port is already in use by a different application on your servers.
For example, you may install Apache and Nginx server on the same system. So it is necessary to know if Apache or Nginx is using TCP port # 80/443.
To check the listening ports and applications on Ubuntu Linux:
1. Open a terminal application i.e. shell prompt.
2. Run any one of the following command on Linux to see open ports:
$ sudo lsof -i -P -n | grep LISTEN
$ sudo netstat -tulpn | grep LISTEN
$ sudo ss -tulpn | grep LISTEN
$ sudo lsof -i:22 ## see a specific port such as 22 ##
$ sudo nmap -sTU -O IP-address-HereFor the latest version of Linux use the ss command. For example, ss -tulw
What is the netstat command ?
You can check the listening ports and applications with netstat as follows.
Run netstat command along with grep command to filter out port in LISTEN state:
$ netstat -tulpn | grep LISTENThe netstat command deprecated for some time on Linux. Therefore, you need to use the ss command as follows:
$ sudo ss -tulw
$ sudo ss -tulwn
$ sudo ss -tulwn | grep LISTEN
Install Terraform on Ubuntu 18.04 / 20.04 LTS - Step by step process ?
This article covers how to install Terraform on Ubuntu. Terraform is an infrastructure automation tool which allows you to define and describe your infrastructure as code inside configuration files using a declarative language and to deploy and manage that infrastructure across a variety of public cloud providers like AWS, GCP, Azure, and so on.
To Install Terraform on Ubuntu:
1. First, create ~/bin directory:
$ mkdir ~/bin2. Next, download the zip archive. Visit the Terraform download page for the latest version to download:
$ wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/terraform/0.12.24/terraform_0.12.24_linux_amd64.zip3. Unzip the archive.
The archive will extract a single binary called terraform.
$ unzip terraform_0.12.24_linux_amd64.zip4. Move the terraform binary to a directory included in your system's PATH in our case that's ~/bin directory.
$ mv terraform ~/bin5. To check whether Terraform is installed, run:
$ terraform version
Monitor Network Traffic with vnStat on Ubuntu 20.04 - How to do it ?
This article covers how to install and use this tool on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS for monitoring the traffic on network interfaces.
vnStat is a handy tool to keep an eye on the bandwidth usage on your Linux OS.
To Install vnstat using the apt/apt-get on Ubuntu:
1. Type the following apt command/apt-get command to update the system:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade2. Search for vnstat package, enter:
$ apt show vnstat3. Execute the following command to set up and install vnstat on Ubuntu server:
$ sudo apt-get install vnstatOR
$ sudo apt install vnstatTo Enable and start the vnstat service on Ubuntu:
Run the command below:
$ sudo systemctl enable vnstat.serviceTo Start the vnstat service
$ sudo systemctl start vnstat.serviceTo Stop the vnstat service
$ sudo systemctl stop vnstat.serviceTo Restart/reload the vnstat service
After editing the /etc/vnstat.conf, we must restart or reload the service:
$ sudo systemctl restart vnstat.serviceOR
$ sudo systemctl reload vnstat.serviceTo Find the status of vnstat service
$ sudo systemctl status vnstat.service
Flush DNS Cache on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step process ?
This article covers how to flush the DNS cache on Ubuntu. If the sites are not loading properly or you are receiving outdated sites, try to flush the DNS cache to see if the issue resolves.
Remember, after the DNS cache is flushed, sites will first load slightly slower.
But once the DNS cache is re-populated, sites will be loaded faster.
Facts about flushing DNS cache on Ubuntu:
1. DNS cache is a temporary database that stores information about previous DNS lookups.
2. Whenever you visit a website, your OS and web browser will keep a record for the domain and the corresponding IP address.
3. Flushing DNS cache eliminates the need for repetitive queries to the remote DNS servers and allows your OS or browser to resolve the website's URL quickly.
How to use dns-clean to flush DNS-Cache ?
You can clear the DNS cache is by starting the dns-clean utility. Run the following command in your Terminal to do so:
$ sudo /etc/init.d/dns-clean start
Install Atom Editor on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by step process ?
This article covers the different methods to install Atom editor on Ubuntu 20.04 system. Atom is an open-source text and source code editor for Windows, Linux, and macOS, developed by GitHub.
It is called "A hackable text editor for the 21st century" due to being a highly customizable text editor.
To Install Atom Editor using Snap:
1. First, install the Snap package manager on your system if it is not already installed.
$ sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y snapd2. Then, install Atom editor with the snap command.
$ sudo snap install atom --classic
Password Protect a File Using Vim on Ubuntu - Step by Step process ?
This article covers how to password protect a file using Vim on Linux. When password protecting a file, make sure you remember it, or else you will not be able to access your file.
You can also use a password management software if you find it difficult to remember passwords. Or visit our guide on how to install Teampass password manager on Ubuntu .
Always remember to appropriately secure text files that could contain secret info such as usernames and passwords, financial account info and so on, using strong encryption and a password.
To install VIM in Linux:
Vim is available in the repositories of most major distributions.
So, use your distribution package manager to get installed.
For Debian based systems, use apt-get or apt package manager to install vim.
$ sudo apt-get install vimFor RHEL/CentOS based systems, use yum package manager to install vim.
$ sudo yum install vim-enhancedFor Fedora system, use dnf package manager to install vim.
$ sudo dnf install vim-enhancedFor openSUSE system, use zypper package manager to install pass.
$ sudo zypper in vimFor Arch Linux based systems, use pacman package manager to install vim.
$ sudo pacman -S vim
Install R on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step process ?
This article covers R installation on Ubuntu 20.04 system. R is an open-source programming language, R is widely used for performing data analysis and statistical computing. Supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing, it is an increasingly popular and extensible language with an active community. R offers many user-generated packages for specific areas of study, which makes it applicable to many fields.
To Install R on Ubuntu:
1. Add the relevant GPG key,
$ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys E298A3A825C0D65DFD57CBB651716619E084DAB92. Add the repository,
$ sudo add-apt-repository 'deb https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu focal-cran40/'3. Run update after this in order to include package manifests from the new repository.
$ sudo apt update4. Install R with the following command:
$ sudo apt install r-baseIf prompted to confirm installation, press y to continue.
Configure WordPress on Ubuntu Server with Apache - Step by step process to do it ?
This article covers setup WordPress — including Apache, MySQL, and PHP, on the Ubuntu Linux server. WordPress is the most popular CMS (content management system) on the internet. It allows you to easily set up flexible blogs and websites on top of a MySQL backend with PHP processing. WordPress has seen incredible adoption and is a great choice for getting a website up and running quickly. After setup, almost all administration can be done through the web frontend.
How to install PHP Extensions on Ubuntu?
1. You can download and install some of the most popular PHP extensions for use with WordPress by executing the commands:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install php-curl php-gd php-mbstring php-xml php-xmlrpc php-soap php-intl php-zip2. Then restart Apache to load these new extensions in the next section.
If you are returning here to install additional plugins, you can restart Apache now by running:
$ sudo systemctl restart apache2To install WordPress on Ubuntu:
1. Change into a writable directory and then download the compressed release by typing:
$ cd /tmp
$ curl -O https://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz2. Extract the compressed file to create the WordPress directory structure:
$ tar xzvf latest.tar.gz3. Add a dummy .htaccess file so that this will be available for WordPress to use later.
Create the file by typing:
$ touch /tmp/wordpress/.htaccess4. Copy over the sample configuration file to the filename that WordPress actually reads:
$ cp /tmp/wordpress/wp-config-sample.php /tmp/wordpress/wp-config.php5. Create the upgrade directory, so that WordPress won't run into permissions issues when trying to do this on its own following an update to its software:
$ mkdir /tmp/wordpress/wp-content/upgrade6. Copy the entire contents of the directory into our document root:
$ sudo cp -a /tmp/wordpress/. /var/www/wordpress
Install Yarn on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by step process to implement it ?
This article covers how to install Yarn on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS system. Yarn is a JavaScript package manager compatible with npm that helps you automate the process of installing, updating, configuring, and removing npm packages.
It caches every download package and speeds up the installation process by parallelizing operations.
To Yarn on Ubuntu Linux:
1. Import the repository’s GPG key and add the Yarn APT repository to your system by running the following commands:
$ curl -sS https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/pubkey.gpg | sudo apt-key add -
$ echo "deb https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/ stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/yarn.list2. Once the repository is enabled, update the package list, and install Yarn:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install yarn3. If you installed Node trough nvm, skip the Node.js installation with:
$ sudo apt install --no-install-recommends yarn4. Once completed, verify the installation by printing the Yarn version:
$ yarn --version
Download YouTube Videos on Ubuntu Linux - How to do it ?
This article covers how you can download YouTube videos on Linux using the youtube-dl utility. The youtube-dl is a handy utility with a large feature set. However, there is a lot more you can do with this utility. To explore more features, visit its official documentation . To play the downloaded videos, you can use any media players like VLC , FFmpeg , and so on.
youtube-dl is a command-line program that lets you easily download videos and audio from more than a thousand websites.
youtube-dl is a Python based small command-line tool that allows to download videos from YouTube.com, Dailymotion, Google Video, Photobucket, Facebook, Yahoo, Metacafe, Depositfiles and few more similar sites.
It written in pygtk and requires Python interpreter to run this program, it's not platform restricted. It should run on any Unix, Windows or in Mac OS X based systems.
To Install YouTube-DL in RHEL/CentOS and Fedora:
The youtube-dl program can be installed by enabling epel repository under your systems. Once enabled, you can install using 'yum' package manager tool:
$ yum install youtube-dl
Also, if you wish to add any third party repository, you can still install it right away using curl or wget command:
$ curl https://yt-dl.org/latest/youtube-dl -o /usr/local/bin/youtube-dlOR
$ wget https://yt-dl.org/downloads/latest/youtube-dl -O /usr/local/bin/youtube-dlYour system must have curl or wget packages installed to fetch the recent version youtube-dl file. If you don't have them, you may yum to get it.
After fetching the file, you need to set a executable permission on the script to execute properly:
$ chmod a+rx /usr/local/bin/youtube-dlTo Install YouTube-DL in Ubuntu/Linux Mint and Debian:
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nilarimogard/webupd8
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install youtube-dlAlso, instead using any third party PPA, you can use curl or wget command to install latest version of youtube-dl script:
$ sudo curl https://yt-dl.org/latest/youtube-dl -o /usr/local/bin/youtube-dlOR
$ sudo wget https://yt-dl.org/downloads/latest/youtube-dl -O /usr/local/bin/youtube-dlAfter downloading the script, set the executable permission:
$ sudo chmod a+rx /usr/local/bin/youtube-dlTo Update YouTube-DL,
Youtube-dl itself can be updated to the latest version using the following command:
$ youtube-dl -U
Configure XRDP to Securely Connect Remote Linux Servers - Step by step process ?
This article covers how to install and use XRDP to securely connect to remote servers. Xrdp is an open-source implementation of the Microsoft Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) that allows you to control a remote system graphically.
With RDP, you can log in to the remote machine and create a real desktop session the same as if you had logged in to a local machine.
Installing Xrdp on Debian:
Xrdp package is available in the standard Debian repositories. To install it, run:
$ sudo apt install xrdp The service will automatically start once the installation process is complete. You can verify that the Xrdp service is running by typing:
$ sudo systemctl status xrdpHow to Configure Xrdp on Linux?
The Xrdp configuration files are stored in the /etc/xrdp directory.
Whenever you make any changes to the configuration file you need to restart the Xrdp service:
$ sudo systemctl restart xrdp
View Standard Log Files on Ubuntu Linux Servers - How to do it ?
This article covers how to view standard log files for troubleshooting any Linux system. Linux system administrators often need to look at log files for troubleshooting purposes.
Linux and the applications that run on it can generate all different types of messages, which are recorded in various log files. Linux uses a set of configuration files, directories, programs, commands and daemons to create, store and recycle these log messages.
Knowing where the system keeps its log files and how to make use of related commands can therefore help save valuable time during troubleshooting.
To view log files on Linux:
Open the Terminal or login as root user using ssh command.
Go to /var/log directory using the following cd command:
# cd /var/logTo list files use the following ls command:
# lsTo Configure Log Files on Ubuntu and CentOS:
This section explains different mechanisms for configuring log files. Let's start with a CentOS example.
To view users currently logged onto a Linux server, enter the who command as a root user:
$ whoThis also lists the login history of users.
To view the login history of the system administrator, enter the following command:
$ last rebootTo view information of the last login, enter:
$ lastlogTo Execute Log Rotation on Linux:
Log files that have zeroes appended at the end are rotated files. That means log file names have automatically been changed within the system.
The purpose of log rotation is to compress outdated logs that are taking up space. Log rotation can be done using the logrotate command. This command rotates, compresses, and mails system logs.
logrotate handles systems that create significant amounts of log files. The command is used by the cron scheduler and reads the logrotate configuration file /etc/logrotate.conf. It's also used to read files in the logrotate configuration directory.
Install TeamViewer on Debian 10 - Step by Step process ?
This article covers how to install TeamViewer on Debian 10. TeamViewer is a cross-platform application that can be used for remote control, desktop sharing, online meetings, and file transfer between computers.
To install TeamViewer on Debian:
TeamViewer is proprietary computer software, and it is not included in the default Debian repositories.
TeamViewer maintains its own APT repository from which we’ll install the package, and update it when a new version is available.
1. Download TeamViewer
Open your terminal either by using the Ctrl+Alt+T keyboard shortcut or by clicking on the terminal icon.
Use wget to download the latest TeamViewer .deb package:
$ wget https://download.teamviewer.com/download/linux/teamviewer_amd64.deb2. Install TeamViewer
Install the downloaded .deb package by typing the following command:
$ sudo apt install ./teamviewer_amd64.debWhen prompted Do you want to continue? [Y/n], type Y to continue the installation.
Setup Git Server on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step process ?
This article covers how to install and configure a Git server on Ubuntu. Git is basically a Version control system which allows you to keep track of your software at the source level. With Git, You can easily track changes, revert to previous stages, and branch to create alternate versions of files and directories.
To install Git on Ubuntu Server:
1. Run the following commands as sudo user:
$ sudo apt update && sudo apt install git2. To install the git package on CentOS servers type:
$ sudo yum install git3. Next, create a new user that will manage the Git repositories:
$ sudo useradd -r -m -U -d /home/git -s /bin/bash gitThe user home directory is set to /home/git.
All the repositories will be stored under this directory.
Install Go on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by step process to do it ?
This article covers how to install Go on your Ubuntu 20.04 machine. Now you can start programming Go language. Go is a popular programming language created by Google.
Many modern applications such as Docker, Kubernetes, and Caddy are written in Go.
To install Go on Ubuntu:
1. Use curl or wget to download the current binary for Go from the official download page. As of this writing, the current version is 1.12.9.
Check the download page for updates, and replace 1.12.9 with the most recent stable version if necessary:
$ curl -O https://storage.googleapis.com/golang/go1.12.9.linux-amd64.tar.gzVerify the .tar file using sha256sum:
$ sha256sum go1.12.9.linux-amd64.tar.gz3. Extract the tarball:
$ tar -xvf go1.12.9.linux-amd64.tar.gz4. Adjust the permissions and move the go directory to /usr/local:
$ sudo chown -R root:root ./go
$ sudo mv go /usr/local
Install Memcached on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by step process ?
This article covers how you can install Memcached on Ubuntu 20.04. Memcached has proved to be a very reliable caching system since its inception in 2003 and continues to be a favorite among developers in speeding up web applications.
Memcached is a high-performance, distributed memory object caching server. It is free and open source software intended for use in speeding up dynamic web applications by mitigating database load.
To install and configure memcached on Ubuntu:
1. Update your Ubuntu server:
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade2. Install memcached server on Ubuntu:
Run apt command as follows:
$ sudo apt install memcached3. Configure memcached server:
Edit config file named /etc/memcached.conf using a text editor such as nano command or vim command:
$ sudo nano /etc/memcached.confOR
$ sudo vi /etc/memcached.confHow to restart, stop, reload memcached server on Ubuntu:
To Stop service - $ sudo systemctl stop memcached
To start Service - $ sudo systemctl start memcached
To restart Service - $ sudo systemctl restart memcached
To check the status - $ sudo systemctl status memcached
Install and Use Firewalld in CentOS / RHEL - Step by step process to implement it ?
This article covers method to Install and Use Firewalld in CentOS in order to increase the security of your Linux system. Note that the host-based firewall like firewalld is recommended by compliances like PCI DSS.
FirewallD is a complete firewall solution that manages the system's iptables rules and provides a D-Bus interface for operating on them. Starting with CentOS 7, FirewallD replaces iptables as the default firewall management tool.
Firewalld services are predefined rules that apply within a zone and define the necessary settings to allow incoming traffic for a specific service.
How to install Firewalld on CentOS?
Firewalld is installed by default on CentOS 7, but if it is not installed on your system, you can install the package by running the command:
$ sudo yum install firewalldFirewalld service is disabled by default. You can check the firewall status with:
$ sudo firewall-cmd --stateIf you just installed or never activated before, the command will print not running. Otherwise, you will see running.
To start the FirewallD service and enable it on boot type:
$ sudo systemctl start firewalld
$ sudo systemctl enable firewalldTo open HTTP and HTTPS ports add permanent service rules to the dmz zone:
$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=dmz --add-service=http
$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=dmz --add-service=httpsMake the changes effective immediately by reloading the firewall:
$ sudo firewall-cmd --reloadZones provided by FirewallD:
1. drop: All incoming connections are dropped without any notification. Only outgoing connections are allowed.
2. block: All incoming connections are rejected with an icmp-host-prohibited message for IPv4 and icmp6-adm-prohibited for IPv6n. Only outgoing connections are allowed.
3. public: For use in untrusted public areas. You do not trust other computers on the network, but you can allow selected incoming connections.
4. external: For use on external networks with NAT masquerading enabled when your system acts as a gateway or router. Only selected incoming connections are allowed.
5. internal: For use on internal networks when your system acts as a gateway or router. Other systems on the network are generally trusted. Only selected incoming connections are allowed.
6. dmz: Used for computers located in your demilitarized zone that have limited access to the rest of your network. Only selected incoming connections are allowed.
7. work: Used for work machines. Other computers on the network are generally trusted. Only selected incoming connections are allowed.
8. home: Used for home machines. Other computers on the network are generally trusted. Only selected incoming connections are allowed.
9. trusted: All network connections are accepted. Trust all of the computers in the network.
Install and Use Veracrypt on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by Step process to do it ?
This article covers how to Install and Setup VeraCrypt on Ubuntu 20.04. VeraCrypt, a fork of TrueCrypt, is a free and open source on-the-fly disk encryption (OTFE) tool.
Main features offered by VeraCrypt include:
1. Creates a virtual encrypted disk within a file and mounts it as a real disk.
2. Encrypts an entire partition or storage device such as USB flash drive or hard drive.
3. Encrypts a partition or drive where Windows is installed (pre-boot authentication).
4. Encryption is automatic, real-time(on-the-fly) and transparent.
5. Parallelization and pipelining allow data to be read and written as fast as if the drive was not encrypted.
6. Encryption can be hardware-accelerated on modern processors.
7. Provides plausible deniability, in case an adversary forces you to reveal the password: Hidden volume (steganography) and hidden operating system.
To Install VeraCrypt Using DEB binary Package on Ubuntu:
Debian/Ubuntu packages for VeraCrypt are also available for download on download’s page. However, as of this writing, there is not available a binary package for Ubuntu 20.04 yet. As such, we using binary package for Ubuntu 19.04.
Note that the installers are also available, both for GUI and console based installations.
To install console-based VeraCrypt;
wget https://launchpad.net/veracrypt/trunk/1.24-update4/+download/veracrypt-console-1.24-Update4-Ubuntu-19.10-amd64.debThen install it;
$ dpkg -i veracrypt-console-1.24-Update4-Ubuntu-19.10-amd64.debTo install GUI based;
$ wget https://launchpad.net/veracrypt/trunk/1.24-update4/+download/veracrypt-1.24-Update4-Ubuntu-19.04-amd64.deb
Next, use APT package manager to ensure that any would-be dependency is dealt with automatically:
$ apt install ./veracrypt-1.24-Update4-Ubuntu-19.04-amd64.debYou can uninstall GUI based VeraCrypt by executing;
$ apt remove --purge veracrypt
$ apt autoremove
Use Speedtest CLI to Test Internet Speed on Ubuntu 20.04 - How to perform this task ?
This article covers how to install and use the Speedtest CLI utility to test your Internet speed while using Ubuntu 20.04.
To check my Internet speed in Ubuntu:
1. Open the Ubuntu Terminal by pressing Ctrl+alt+T or through the Dash.
2. Then enter the command to install python:
$ sudo apt-get install python-pipOnce python is successfully installed, use the command to install the speedtest-cli tool:
$ sudo pip install speedtest-cliThe tool will be installed in your system.
To check Your Internet Speed:
Run the following command to test your internet speed:
$ speedtest-cliTo share Internet Speed Test Results:
The speedtest-cli also lets you share your internet speed by providing a link on the speedtest.net website through the following command:
$ speedtest-cli --share
Automatically Empty the Trash in Ubuntu 20.04 - How to do this ?
This article covers how to install Autotrash on Ubuntu system. With Autotrash, you can automatically delete the files residing in the Trash based on the conditions you specified.
trash-cli is a command-line interface to the trash-can used by Linux Systems.
The trash-cli is present in repositories of most of the Linux Distributions.
To remove Autotrash from Ubuntu:
Run the command:
$ sudo snap remove autotrash-unofficial
Change Host Name on Ubuntu 20.04 - How to perform this task ?
This article covers both the CLI and GUI based methods of changing the hostname on Ubuntu 20.04.
To change the hostname on Ubuntu Linux:
1. Type the following command to edit /etc/hostname using nano or vi text editor: $ sudo nano /etc/hostname. Delete the old name and setup new name.
2. Next Edit the /etc/hosts file: sudo nano /etc/hosts.
3. Reboot the system to changes take effect: sudo reboot.
To change the hostname on Ubuntu:
1. To change the hostname invoke the hostnamectl command with the set-hostname argument followed by the new hostname.
2. Only the root or a user with sudo privileges can change the system hostname.
3. The hostnamectl command does not produce output.
To change the localhost hostname (static name in the hostname file)?
1. You can also set the static hostname manually by editing /etc/hostname .
2. This file contains exactly one line by default.
3. If you have not changed the hostname yet, then that line probably reads localhost. localdomain .
To display the current Ubuntu hostname:
Simply type the following command:
$ hostnamectlTo change Ubuntu LTS hostname permanently:
1. Type the hostnamectl command :
$ sudo hostnamectl set-hostname newNameHere2. Delete the old name and setup new name.
3. Next Edit the /etc/hosts file:
$ sudo nano /etc/hostsReplace any occurrence of the existing computer name with your new one.
4. Reboot the system to changes take effect:
$ sudo rebootTo change hostname on Ubuntu without a system restart:
1. Let us see current setting just type the following command:
$ hostnamectl2. Next change hostname from localhost to linuxapt, enter:
$ hostnamectl set-hostname linuxapt3. Verify new changes:
$ hostnamectl
Install ClamAV Anti-Malware Protection on Ubuntu 20.04 - How to do this ?
This article covers how to install and configure ClamAV and ClamTK to scan for malware on Ubuntu 20.04.
There aren't many viruses made for Linux distributions and as such, most people who use such systems don't even bother using antivirus software.
Those however who do want to be able to scan their system or other Windows-based systems that are connected to a Linux PC through a network can use ClamAV.
ClamAV is an open-source anti-virus engine that is built to detect viruses, trojans, malware, and other threats.
It supports multiple file formats (documents, executables, or archives), utilizes multi-thread scanner features, and receives updates for its signature database at least 3-4 times a day.
To ClamAV Antivirus on Ubuntu:
The first step is to install and get the latest signature updates. To do this on Ubuntu, you can open a terminal and insert "sudo apt-get install clamav" and press enter.
$ sudo apt install clamavYou may also build ClamAV from sources to benefit from better scanning performance.
To update the signatures, you type "sudo freshclam" on a terminal session and press enter.
$ sudo freshclamNow we are ready to scan our system.
To do this, you can use the "clamscan" command.
This is a rich command that can work with many different parameters so you'd better insert "clamscan –-help" on the terminal first and see the various things that what you can do with it:
$ clamscan –-helpTo Update ClamAV Signature Database:
1. Stop the ClamAV process:
$ systemctl stop clamav-freshclam2. Manually update the ClamAV signature database:
$ freshclam3. Restart the service to update the database in the background:
$ systemctl start clamav-freshclam
Install Microsoft PowerShell in Ubuntu 20.04 - How to perform this task ?
This article covers the different methods for installing Microsoft PowerShell on Ubuntu which includes installation via package repository, via .deb package, and via snap.
PowerShell for Linux is published to package repositories for easy installation and updates.
As superuser, register the Microsoft repository once.
After registration, you can update PowerShell with sudo apt-get install powershell.
To install PowerShell on Ubuntu 20.04:
PowerShell for Linux is published to package repositories for easy installation and updates.
So do the following;
1. # Update the list of packages.
$ sudo apt-get update2. # Install pre-requisite packages.
$ sudo apt-get install -y wget apt-transport-https software-properties-common3. # Download the Microsoft repository GPG keys.
$ wget -q https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/20.04/packages-microsoft-prod.deb4. # Register the Microsoft repository GPG keys.
$ sudo dpkg -i packages-microsoft-prod.deb5. # Update the list of products.
$ sudo apt-get update6. # Enable the "universe" repositories.
$ sudo add-apt-repository universe7. # Install PowerShell.
$ sudo apt-get install -y powershell8. # Start PowerShell.
$ pwshAs superuser, register the Microsoft repository once.
After registration, you can update PowerShell with sudo apt-get install powershell.
To remove PowerShell from Ubuntu:
Run the command,
$ sudo apt-get remove powershellHow to Launch PowerShell on Linux or Mac?
1. Open a terminal and run the "powershell" command to access a PowerShell shell environment.
2. This works on both Linux and Mac–whichever you're using.
3. You'll see a PowerShell prompt beginning with "PS", and you can run PowerShell cmdlets just as you would on Windows.
Find out Which Groups a User Belongs to in Ubuntu 20.04 - How to do it ?
This article covers how you can easily find out which groups a user belongs to in Ubuntu. Also we shared how to list all groups in a system, list members of a group, add and remove a user from the group. For information about adding/removing users in a system, visit our guide on how to add and remove users on Ubuntu .
Adding a user to an existing group is one of the typical tasks of a Linux administrator.
A group is a collection of users.
The main purpose of the group is to define a set of privileges to their members within the group.
To find out if a user has sudo access is by checking if the said user is member of the sudo group.
If you see the group 'sudo' in the output, the user is a member of the sudo group and it should have sudo access.
In order to list groups on Linux, you have to execute the "cat" command on the "/etc/group" file.
When executing this command, you will be presented with the list of groups available on your system.
To login as Sudo on Ubuntu:
1. Open a terminal Window. Press Ctrl + Alt + T to open the terminal on Ubuntu.
2. To become root user type: sudo -i. sudo -s.
3. When promoted provide your password.
4. After successful login, the $ prompt would change to # to indicate that you logged in as root user on Ubuntu.
What is /etc/passwd file?
"/etc/passwd" is a text file containing every user information that is required to login to the Linux system. It maintains useful information about users such as username, password, user ID, group ID, user information, home directory and shell.
To find out which groups a user belongs to in Linux:
1. groups: Show All Members of a Group.
2. id: Print user and group information for the specified username.
3. lid or libuser-lid: It display user's groups or group's users.
4. getent: Get entries from Name Service Switch libraries.
5. compgen: compgen is bash built-in command and it will show all available commands for the user.
6. members: List members of a group.
7. /etc/group file: Also, we can grep the corresponding user’s groups from the /etc/group file.
What is Wheel Group in Linux?
The wheel group is a special user group used on some Unix systems, mostly BSD systems, to control access to the su or sudo command, which allows a user to masquerade as another user (usually the super user). Debian-like operating systems create a group called sudo with purpose similar to that of a wheel group.
Types of groups in Linux:
1. Primary Group - The primary group is the main group associated with the user account. Each user must be a member of a single primary group.
2. Secondary Group - The secondary or supplementary group is used to grant additional rights to the user. Each user can become a member of multiple secondary groups.
Install Plex Media Server on Ubuntu 20.04 - Step by step process to get this done ?
This article covers the installation of the Plex media server on Ubuntu. Using the Plex, you can save all your favorite Tv shows, movies, videos, and photos in a single place. You can approach them from anywhere to any device.
To install Plex Media Server on Ubuntu:
1. Download the .deb package
2. run sudo dpkg -i plexmediaserver_1.19.4.2935-79e214ead_amd64.deb (replacing the last filename with the name of the package you downloaded)
3. To setup Plex Media Server, on the same machine you installed the server on, open a browser window, and go to http://127.0.0.1:32400/web.
To Enable and start Plex media server on Ubuntu:
Execute the following command as sudo: $ sudo systemctl start plexmediaserver.service.
Install Emacs Editor in Ubuntu 20.04 - How to perform it ?
This article covers methods to install Emacs editor in the Ubuntu 20.04 system. Emacs is a text editor designed for POSIX operating systems and available on Linux, BSD, macOS, Windows, and so on.
Emacs is an open-source, cross-platform editor that is highly customizable and provides a user-friendly interface to its users.
It Provide features like multiple editing modes, full Unicode support for scripts, text manipulation tools, and integration with numerous external tools like the shell and git clearly gives an indication of how powerful it is.
To Install Emacs on Linux:
You can check if your Linux system has emacs installed by simply running the following command:
$ emacs
If you get an error message such as "-bash: -bash:: command not found", then you need to install it.
To install the emacs packages, run the command:
$ yum install emacs
On Ubuntu, execute:
$ apt-get install emacs
To install Emacs using Snap on Ubuntu:
Execute the following command in the command line:
$ sudo snap install emacs --classic
Once this is done, you can find Emacs in your list of installed applications.